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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_____ is a condition is which the human system responds to changes in its normal balance.
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Stress
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Stress is an experience that a person is exposed to thru ____ and a _____.
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experience and a stressor
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_____ stressors are adverse physical conditions (pain, heat, cold) andy psychological environments (poor work environment, bad relationship) that are stressful.
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External
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_____ stressors can be physical/psychological in nature. Physical would be things like infection, inflammation and illness. Psychological would be something that causes us to worry about an event that is going to happen.
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Internal
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There are two types of stress:
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-distress
-eustress |
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_____ is damaging stress.
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Distress
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When a person sees something as extremely challenging and not good, it is known as _____.
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distress
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A stress that protects the health and is a motivating energy that causes us to get things done is called ______.
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eustress
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____ and ____ are motivating energy associated with eustress.
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Happiness and hopefulness
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The process in which one tries to maintain a balance- an attempt to cope with stress is called _____.
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adaptation
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Adaptation is an _____ process that is essential to the over-all-well-being of the person and gives them the ability to tolerate changing situations.
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on-going
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Clinical manifestations of stress include:
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-dilated pupils
-increased sweat (diaphoresis) -↑HR and ↑Cardiac output -pallid skin -increased sodium and water retention causing increased blood volume -rate and depth of respiration increase causing hyperventilation -decreased urinary output -dry mouth -decreased peristalsis resulting in constipation or flatus -mental alertness improves for serious threats -increased muscle tension -increased blood sugar |
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____ is a physiologic response to stress that is a localized response of the body to stress, involving only a specific body part instead of the whole body.
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Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)
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Local Adaptation Syndrome is a ____ term adaptive response.
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short
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An example of local adaptation syndrome is _______.
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inflammation
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The Local Adaptation Syndrome has a ____ pain response and an ______ response.
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reflex
inflammatory |
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The response of the CNS when pain is the stimulus is the ______.
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reflex pain response
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The reflex pain response is a _____ response.
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rapid/automatic
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The reflex pain response serves as a _____ to _____.
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protective mechanism to prevent injury
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The ______ is a localized response to injury/infection. It aids in localizing and preventing the spread of infection and promotes wound healing.
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inflammatory response
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The inflammatory response aids in localizing and preventing the _____ and promotes _____.
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-spread of infection
-wound healing |
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An example of the reflex pain response is...
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when you automatically remove your hand from a hot stove.
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The _____ happens when there is histamine release, increased WBCs and tissue repair by regeneration.
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inflammatory response
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The ____ is a physiologic response to stress that is a biochemical model of stress that describes the body's general response to stress.
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general adaptation syndrome
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A biochemical model of stress that describes the body's general response to stress is called ______.
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general adaptation syndrome
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A more generalized response to stressors is the _____ syndrome.
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generalized adaptation
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General adaptation syndrome has 3 phases:
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-Alarm reaction
-Resistance -Exhaustion |
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During the ____ phase there is an immediate response to stress directed by the sympathetic division of the ANS and the body prepares to deal with the stressor.
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alarm reaction
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The dominant hormone in the Alarm reaction phase is _____.
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epinephrine
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The alarm reaction phase prepares the body for _____.
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fight or flight
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Characteristics of the alarm reaction phase are:
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-↑mental alertness
-↑blood flow to skeletal muscles -↑HR, RR, BP -↑glucose and h2O reabsorption -↑ADH and Aldosterone -↓urinary output |
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With an extreme stressor the body will go beyond the alarm reaction phase to the _____.
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resistance phase
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The _____ is when the body stabilizes and responds in an opposite manor to the alarm reaction.
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resistance phase
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During the ____ phase, the hormone levels and vital signs go back to the normal state.
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resistance
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The resistance phase is when we are trying to _____.
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recover
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If we don't recover during the resistance phase, our body goes to the ____ phase.
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exhaustion
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Being in the ____ phase for a long period of time can cause unhealthy coping skills.
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exhaustion
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The ____ phase occurs when the body can no longer resist the effects of the stressor and when the energy necessary to maintain adaptation is depleted.
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exhaustion
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Manifestations of the exhaustion phase include:
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-increased physiological response as noted in the alarm reaction
-decreased energy levels -possible death |
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Being in the exhaustion phase for long periods of time can cause ______.
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unhealthy coping skills
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______ is a vague sense of impending doom or apprehension that appears to have no reason.
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Anxiety
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There are 4 levels of anxiety:
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-mild
-moderate -severe -panic |
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Sometimes ____ are identifiable, unexpected, situational and situationally predisposed.
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panic attacks
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____ anxiety is characterized by increased questioning, mild restlessness/sleeplessness, increased arousal and alertness, and no respiratory or other changes.
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Mild
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____ anxiety is characterized by difficult to understand communication, increased motor activity and inability to relax, fearful facial expression, inability to focus or concentrate, easily distracted, severely impaired learning, tachycardia, hyperventilation, headache, dizziness, and nausea.
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Severe
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_____ is the anxiety level characterized by not understandable communication, increased motor activity, agitation, unpredictable responses, trembling, poor motor coordination, perception distorted or exaggerated, , unable to learn or function, dyspnea, palpitations, choking, chest pain, pressure, feeling of impending doom, and sweating.
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Panic
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____ anxiety is indicated by voice tremors, pitch changes, facial twitches, shakiness, increased muscle tension, narrowed focus of attention, selectively inattentive, slightly impaired learning, slightly increased respiratory and heart rates, and mild gastric symptoms (butterflies in stomach).
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Moderate
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Ways to reduce client stress include:
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-include client in plan of care
-provide atmosphere of warmth and trust combined with use of therapeutic touch and attentive listening -promote feeling of safety and security -minimize additional stressors -help with recognition of stressors -help facilitate effective coping mechanisms |
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Things you can teach clients as interventions for anxiety are:
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-time management
-exercise -sleep -nutrition -guided imagery -music therapy, journal writing -spiritual support -antianxiety meds |
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Common responses to stress are:
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-fear
-anger -depression |
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The source of ____ may not be identifiable and is more related to the future.
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anxiety
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____ is an intense feeling of dread related to an identifiable source that the person can verify. It is related to the present.
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Fear
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_____ is an emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity or strong displeasure. It is the way we express our displeasure.
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Anger
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Anger is a ____ expression of what I am feeling allowing me to deal with the problem. It can be beneficial or if the person becomes hostile it can be destructive.
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verbal
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_____ is an extreme feeling of sadness, despair, or lack of worth- emptiness; it is often seen as irritable, tiredness, unable to concentrate, indecisive, socially withdrawn, crying, sleep disturbances, and the person feels overwhelmed with stressors.
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Depression
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A person's response to stressors begins with _____.
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cognitive appraisal
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Cognitive appraisal is how people interpret the impact of the ___ on ____.
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stressor on themselves
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_____ cognitive appraisal is an appraisal of the event or circumstance that is ongoing.
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Primary
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If the primary appraisal results in me identifying that something has harmed me or is threatening me then I will experience _____.
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stress
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If stress is present after the primary appraisal, then the secondary appraisal focuses the person on...
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what am I going to do about it.
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Factors influencing the response to stressors are:
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-intensity
-duration -number and nature of other stressors -predictability -level of personal control -availability of social supports -feelings of competence |
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_____ are a condition in which a psychological state contributes to the development of a physical illness. For example the connection between stress and heart disease.
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Psychosomatic disorder
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Type ____ people are more vulnerable to stress.
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A
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During the nursing history/interview the nurse should determine the following:
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-client-perceived stressors or stressful incidents
-manifestations of stress -psychosomatic disorders -past and present coping strategies -developmental transitions |
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______ are behaviors that are used to decrease stress and anxiety. They are usually an unconscious process.
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Coping mechanisms
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_____ are unconscious reactions used to protect the self or one's self esteem. These are used in mild to moderate anxiety.
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Defense mechanisms
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_____ is an attempt to screen or ignore unacceptable realities by refusing to acknowledge them.
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Denial
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_____ is the transferring or discharging of emotional reactions from one object to another object or person.
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Displacement
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_______ is justification of certain behaviors by faulty logic and ascribing motives that are socially acceptable but did not in fact inspire the behavior.
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Rationalization
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_____ is resorting to an earlier, more comfortable level of functioning that is characteristically less demanding and responsible.
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Regression
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_____ is an unconscious mechanism by which threatening thoughts, feelings, and desires are kept from becoming conscious; the represented material is denied entry into consciousness.
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Repression
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A husband and wife are fighting and the husband becomes so angry he hits a door instead of his wife. This is an example of ______.
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displacement
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A teenager, seeing his best friend killed in a car wreck, becomes amnesic about the circumstances surrounding the crash. This is an example of ______.
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repression
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A woman is told her father has metastatic cancer but continues to plan a family reunion 18 months in advance. This is an example of ______.
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denial
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An adult throws a temper tantrum when de doesn't get his way. This is an example of _____.
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regression
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A mother spanks her toddler too hard but says it was ok because he couldn't feel it through the diapers anyway. This is an example of _____.
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rationalization
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_____ allows for feeling to be expressed thru or to less dangerous objects or people.
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Displacement
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_____ allows a person to return to a point in development when nurturing and dependency were needed and accepted with comfort.
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Regression
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_____ temporarily isolates a person from the full impact of a traumatic situation.
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Denial
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_____ helps a person cope with the inability to meet goals or certain standards.
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Rationalization
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_______ protects a person from a traumatic experience until they have the resources to cope.
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Repression
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_____ is a nursing diagnosis for clients having trouble figuring out what to do with the problem.
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Ineffective coping
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A _____ is an upset in a balanced and stable state.
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crisis
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An acute, time-limited state of disequilibrium resulting from developmental, situational, or societal stress is a _____.
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crisis
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A crisis occurs when coping or defense mechanisms have not been _____.
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effective
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A crisis is characterized by the person having
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high anxiety levels, disorganized behaviors, and decreased ability to adequately function.
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A crisis usually occurs secondary to unusual or threatening situations that demand a decrease in _____.
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stressors
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The main focus of crisis intervention is
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solving the immediate problem
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During crisis intervention, the nurse should work with the client to determine...
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what the problem is, what the causes were and what we want to see as a result.
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The nurse should also assess the healthcare giver for:
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-assistance available to them
-knowledge of clients illness -available resources -other responsibilities -S/Sx of stress/anxiety -coping mechanisms |
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____ is a nursing diagnosis for difficulty in performing caregiver role.
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Caregiver role strain
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Interventions for caregiver role strain include:
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-provide info./arrange respite care
-encourage caregiver to discuss feelings, concerns, and fears -provide caregiver with education regarding care receiver's health issue |
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_____ occurs as a result of chronic stress. It is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of others, and perceptions of reduced personal accomplishment, resulting from intense involvement with people in a care-giving community.
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Burnout
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Results of burnout are:
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-slack nurse
-drug/alcohol abuse -leave the nursing profession |