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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What eight things make up one's sexual identity?
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-Biological Sex
-Genetic Sex -Anatomical Sex -Gender Identity -Gender Expression -Sexual Orientation -Sexual Arousal -Sexual Behavior |
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What is biological sex?
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Broken down into genetic sex and anatomical sex
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Genetic sex
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Chromosomes and hormones are on a spectrum.
From Male to intersex to female. XY to XX |
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Anatomical sex
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Reproductive organs, genitalia.
From male to intersex to female. From penis and testes to vagina and uterus |
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Gender Identity
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Psychological sense of maleness or femaleness.
Man to two spirit/third gender to woman. |
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Gender Expression
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Communication of gender. Clothing, etc.
Masculine, androgynous, feminine. |
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Sexual Orientation
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Who you are attracted to.
Men, men and women, women |
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Sexual Arousal
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Who you are aroused by
Men, men and women, women |
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Sexual Behavior
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Who you are having sex with.
With men, with men and women, with women |
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What is normal sexuality for men?
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Vaginal intercourse is universal.
3/4 in oral sex. 1/5 in anal sex. 23% report having had sex with over 20 partners. 70% report having had sex with one partner in the past year. |
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What is normal sexuality for women?
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9% report having had sex with 15 people or more in their lifetime.
10% reported 20 or more people |
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Masturbatory Behavior Differences
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81% of men
45% of women |
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Premarital sex
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Men tend to have more of it
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Sexual partners and frequency of intercourse
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Men tend to have more partners.
Men tend to have a higher frequency of intercourse. |
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Intimacy versus arousal
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? What was her point on this?
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How do core beliefs about sexuality differ between men and women?
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Women: romantic but self-conscious
Men: powerful but passionate |
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Four themes of gender differences
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-Men show more arousal and desire than women
-Women emphasize committed relationships as a context for sex more than men -Men’s sexual self-concept is characterized in part by power, independence, and aggression -Women’s sexual beliefs are more easily shaped by cultural, social, and situational factors |
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Zambia Sexual Behaviors
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People are semen providers and recipients.
No masturbation, it's a waste of semen. Only heterosexual behavior until late in adolescence |
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Munda Sexual Behaviors
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Petting and mutual masturbation is taught amongst children and adolescents
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U.S. versus Swedish women
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Swedish women are more likely to use contraception the first time they have sex
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Does homosexuality run in families?
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Yes. Concordance rates for identical twins is 50%, fraternal twins is 16-22%
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Possible biological reasons for homosexuality
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Exposures to certain hormones in utero. Different brain sizes
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"Exotic Becomes Erotic" theory
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Bem.
Says that anything that is exotic or out of the ordinary to you when you are younger will eventually become erotic. |
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Sexual dysfunction
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Sexual disorder in which the client finds it difficult to function adequately before or while having sex
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Four different types of disorders
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-Orgasm
-Arousal -Desire -Pain |
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Sexual Response Cycle
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-Desire
-Arousal -Plateau -Orgasm -Resolution |
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Two sex-specific dysfunctions
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-Premature ejaculation
-Vaginismus |
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2 specifications of dysfunctions
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1-due to psychological factors
2-due to psychological factors combined with a general medical condition |
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Prevalence of sexual dysfunction
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43% of women
31% of men |
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Disorder versus distress
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44% of women had a sexual dysfunction, but 24% were distressed. Only half of them were bothered by it.
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Best predictor of sexual distress for women
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-Emotional well-being
-Relationship with partner during sexual relations NOT -lubrication or orgasm |
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Sexual Desire Disorders
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-Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
-Sexual Aversion Disorder |
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Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
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-Little or no interest in any type of sexual activity
-Most common complaint of women in clinics. -50% of sexual dysfunctions is this disorder -Little to no fantasies or masturbation -Sex once a month or less |
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Sexual Aversion Disorder
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-Little interest in sex as well as fear, panic, or disgust related to physical or sexual contact or thoughts
-Panic Disorder is highly comorbid -Mostly women -10% of men with this have panic attacks -25% of people with this disorder also have Panic Disorder |
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Sexual Arousal Disorders
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-male erectile disorder
-female sexual arousal disorder |
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Male erectile disorder
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-Formerly known as impotence.
-Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection. -Most common problem that men report. -60% with this disorder are over 60. |
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Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
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-Formerly known as frigidity.
-Difficulties achieving or maintaining lubrication. -14% of women have this problem |
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Orgasm Disorders
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Inhibited orgasm
-Male orgasmic Disorder -retarded ejaculation -retrograde ejaculation -premature ejaculation -Female Orgasmic Disorder |
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Inhibited Orgasm
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inability to achieve orgasm despite adequate sexual desire and arousal
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Retrograde Ejaculation
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Ejaculatory fluids travel back into the bladder. Almost always effected by drugs or another medical condition.
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Female Orgasmic Disorder
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-Never or almost never reach orgasm and experience distress over the problem.
-Most common complain women in clinics seek. -25% of women report significant difficulties reaching orgasm -50% of women report regular orgasms |
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Premature ejaculation
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-Ejaculation occurs before men and partners wish it to occur
-1/5 of men |
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Sexual Pain Disorders
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-Intercourse is associated with marked pain.
-Dyspareunia -Vaginismus |
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Dyspareunia
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refers to pain during intercourse in the context of sexual desire and an ability to attain arousal and orgasm
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Vaginismus
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Pelvic muscles in the outer third of the vagina undergo involuntary spasms when intercourse is attempted.
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Psychophysiological Assessments
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Used to measure sexual responsivity during erotic stimuli
-Penile strain gauge -Vaginal Photoplethysmograph |
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Erotophobia
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A specific phobia related to sex.
Thought to arise in early childhood from families or religious authorities |
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Script Theory
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Sexuality is dangerous, dirty, forbidden. This leads to later problems
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Sensate focus and non-demand pleasuring
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-Reduce performance anxiety
-Three phases 1-no genital stimulation 2-with genital stimulation but not orgasm 3-intercourse attempted in parts |
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Specific procedure for premature ejaculation
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Squeeze technique
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Specific procedure for women with orgasmic problems
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Masturbatory training
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Specific procedure for Vaginismus
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Gradual insertion
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Specific procedure for low desire
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Education, masturbation and erotic material
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Viagra for ED
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50-80% of men benefit
30% have headaches |
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Testosterone for ED
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Not very effective
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Vasodilating drugs
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Inject into penis to produce an erection.
Painful and 50-60% stop after a short period. Can produce bruising and fibrosis nodules. |
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MUSE for female arousal
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Topical cream found to benefit women
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Penile prosthesis
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-Implant
-Newest is like a pump |
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Vacuum device therapy for ED
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70% to 100% report satisfactory erections
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Paraphilias
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Unusual sexual attraction to inappropriate people such as children or objects such as clothing
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Comorbidity with three things and paraphilias
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Mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance abuse
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Fetishism
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Sexual attraction to nonliving objects.
Arousal, fantasy, urges are focused on an object. |
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Partialism
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Another source of arousal related to a part of the body, such as foot, buttocks, or hair
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Voyeurism
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Practice of observing an unsuspecting individual undressing or naked in order to become aroused
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Exhibitionism
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Sexual arousal and gratification by exposing one’s genitals to unsuspecting strangers
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Transvestic Fetishism
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Sexual arousal is strongly associated with the act of dressing in clothes of the opposite sex, or cross dressing.
-Not unusual for men with this fetish to compensate with extremely macho tendencies. |
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Sexual Sadism
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Arousal associated with either inflicting pain or humiliation
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Sexual Masochism
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Arousal associated with suffering pain and humiliation
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Hypoxiphilia
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Decreasing oxygen intake in order to increase sensation of orgasm
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Pedophilia
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Sexual attraction to young children or very young adolescents.
90% of abusers are male Very rare in women |
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Incest
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Sexual attraction to children who are relatives
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Child molestation
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Abusers often rationalize behavior as “loving” and, compensate by engaging in “moral” behavior
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Frotteurism
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Sexual arousal and gratification by rubbing the body parts on unsuspecting strangers
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Covert sensitization
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- Procedure carried out in imagination of patient
- Involves associating sexually arousing images with negative consequences (bad smell, loud noise, electric shock, etc.) |
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Orgasmic reconditioning
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Involves masturbation to usual fantasies and then substitution right before ejaculation occurs
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Drug treatment for paraphilias
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-cyproterone acetate
-equivalent to chemical castration by lowering testosterone levels dramatically |
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GID
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Gender Identity Disorder
-Formerly known as transsexualism -Cases where a person’s physical/biological gender is inconsistent with his/her sense of identity as male or female |
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GID Criteria (two things)
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A: strong and persistent cross-gender identification
B: persistent discomfort with one's assigned gender |
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Criteria A for children
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- Stated desire or insistence to be other sex
- Cross-dressing - Cross-sex roles in play - Strong preference for other-sex playmates |
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Criteria A for adolescents/adults
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- Stated desire to be other sex
- Frequent passing as other sex - Desire to live or be treated as other sex - Conviction of possessing typical feelings/reactions of other sex |
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Criteria B for children
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- For boys, dislike and loathing penis; aversion to rough play and rejection of stereotypical toys
- For girls, rejection of urination position; assertion that one will grow a penis/aversion to breast growth and menstruation |
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Criteria B for adolescents/adults
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Preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics; request for hormones; desire for surgery to physically alter sex characteristics to simulate other sex; belief that one was born the wrong sex
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Male to female ratio for GID
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2.3 to 1
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Double mastectomy
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Removing both breasts
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Breast augmentation
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Forming two breasts
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Facial feminization surgery
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Shave down Adam's Apple.
Make the face triangular |
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Orchiectomy
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Remove the testicles completely
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SRS
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Sexual Reassignment Surgery
-Surgically alter anatomy to be consistent with gender identity -Qualify -Individuals must live in the opposite sex roles for 1 to 2 years -Individuals must be stable psychologically, financially, and socially |
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Penoplasty
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Making a penis
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Vaginoplasty
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Making a vagina
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Psychosis
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Broad term referring to hallucinations and/or delusions
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Types of hallucinations
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-sensory: sensing something from the environment that doesn't exist
-auditory: hearing something that doesn't exist -visual: seeing something that doesn't exist |
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Schizophrenia
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A type of psychosis with disturbed thought, language and behavior
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Types of schizophrenia
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-Paranoid Type
-Catatonic Type -Undifferentiated Type -Residual Type |
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Psychosis versus schizophrenia
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General versus specific
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Sensory deprivation
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Put someone in a situation void of all senses and they will eventually become psychotic of some sort
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Positive Symptoms
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Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech.
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Delusions
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Grandeur, persecution, being controlled, thought broadcasting, thought insertion/withdrawal
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Hallucinations
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Experience of sensory events without environmental input.
Visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile hallucinations |
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Anhedonia
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Inability to feel pleasure
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Perseveration versus repitition
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Repeating small chunks of information.
Repeating large chunks of information. |
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Clang associations
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The last word in the phrase rhymes with the word in the next sentence
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The Negative Symptom Cluster
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Absence or insufficiency of normal behavior
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Avolition
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Or apathy.
Refers to the inability to initiate and persist in activities. Can't find a document when asked. |
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Alogia
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Refers to the relative absence of speech
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Anhedonia
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Lack of pleasure, or indifference to pleasurable activities
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Affective flattening
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little or no expressed emotion
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Disorganized Symptom Cluster
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Severe and excess disruptions in speech, behavior and emotion.
Rambling speech, erratic behavior, inappropriate affect |
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Cognitive slippage
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illogical and incoherent speech
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tangentiality
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going off on a tangent, not answering a question directly
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Catatonia spectrum
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wild agitation to waxy flexibility to complete immobility
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Undifferentiated
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Wastebasket
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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Schizophrenic symptoms for a few months.
Most resume normal lives. |
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Schizoaffective Disorder
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Symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder are independent of one another.
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Delusional Disorder
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Delusions that are contrary to reality without other major schizophrenia symptoms.
Many show other negative symptoms. Rare and has a better prognosis than schizophrenia |
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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Experience one or more positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Usually brought on by extreme stress or trauma. Tends to go away on his own. |
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Hospital delirium
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Being admitted into a hospital and end up becoming psychotic. Particularly elderly people.
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Shared Psychotic Disorder
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Delusions from one person manifest in another person (folie a deux).
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Type I Schizophrenia
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-positive symptoms
-good response to medication -optimistic prognosis -absence of intellectual impairment -Dopamine is a big player |
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Type II Schizophrenia
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-negative symptoms
-poor response to medication -pessimistic prognosis -intellectual impairments |
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Is schizophrenia mono or polygenetic?
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Polygenetic
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Smooth-pursuit eye movement
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Tracking a moving object visually with the head kept skill.
Tracking deficits in persons with schizophrenia as well as their relatives. |
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Dopamine Hypothesis
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Drugs that increase dopamine, result in schizophrenic-like behavior.
Drugs that decrease dopamine, reduce schizophrenic-like behavior |
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Enlarged ventricles
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have to do with mental retardation
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Hypofrontality
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-less active frontal lobes
-lower inhibition |
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Double Bind Communications
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The mother gets very angry and pulls a daughter in with her screaming and then hits her and pushes her away.
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First line of treatment for schizophrenia
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Medication
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Neuroleptic
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Major tranquilizers
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Phenothiazines
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Miserable side effects, create irreversible damage to your neurological system, tremors and gate problems
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Developmental Disorders
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Childhood is associated with significant developmental changes.
Disruption of early skills will likely disrupt development of later skills. Diagnosed in the beginning of life. |
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ADHD
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
-inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity -Associated with behavioral, cognitive, social, and academic problems |
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ADHD Symptom Clusters
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Cluster 1-inattention
Cluster 2-hyperactivity and impulsivity |
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Boys to girls
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4 to 1
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Stimulant medications for ADHD
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Ritalin, aderall, dexedrine
-reduce impulsivity/hyperactivity and improve attentions |
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Learning disorders
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-Problems related to academic performance in reading, mathematics, and writing
-Performance is substantially below what would be expected |
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Reading Disorder
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-Discrepancy between actual and expected reading achievement
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Most common learning disorders
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Reading
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CAPD
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Central Auditory Processing Dysfunction
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Pervasive Developmental Disorders
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Problems occur in language, socialization and cognition. Spans the entire life.
Ex: Autism and Asperger's |
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Autism: three central features
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1. Problems in socialization and social function
2. Problems in communication (50% never acquire useful speech) 3. Restricted patterns of behavior, interests, and activities |
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Most striking feature of autism
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Restricted patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
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Echolalia
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Repeating everything that is said to you.
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Asperger's Disorder
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Part of the autistic syndrome.
-Significant social impairments -Obsessive Compulsive Behaviors -Clumsy and often quite verbal -Pedantic speech: very precise -Impulsivity |
