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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are qualities that make the best teachers? |
Interesting, competent, caring, encouraging, and flexible, yet have demanding standards |
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What are qualities that make the worst teachers? |
Boring, incompetent, distant, demeaning, and rigid with inflexible standards or inconsistent with lax standards |
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Chapter 7 examines the teacher's role as a socializing agent along with his or her _____________________ relationship with the student and its impact on learning. |
Bidirectional |
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Who is the most powerful socializing influence of the school and is the person who translates program goals into action? |
The teacher |
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What definition means a biological construct that involves interpretation of stimuli by the brain? |
Perception |
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What teaching leadership style is leader directed and results in a discontented, hostile, but productive group? |
Authoritarian |
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What teaching leadership style is leader guided and collaborative resulting in a contented, cooperative, and productive group? |
Democratic |
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What teaching leadership style is where the leader responds to requests and results in a discontented, bored, and nonproductive group? |
Laissez-faire (Permissive) |
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What definition means having a policy of letting people do as they please, and being permissive? |
Laissez-faire |
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Vygotsky's term for the space between what a learner can do independently and what he or she can do while participating with more capable others is called? |
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
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Research shows that the teacher – did interaction differs according to the? |
Gender of the student |
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Which gender has more interactions with teachers? |
Boys have more interaction with teachers and girls do |
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When children request attention, teachers generally respond to the boys with ____________________ |
Instructions |
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When children request attention, teachers generally respond to the girls with _____________________ |
Nurture |
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Girls receive more attention when they are? |
Close to the teacher |
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Boys are given attention from? |
A distance |
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Boys receive considerable criticism for? |
Failing to obey the rules |
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Girls receive considerable criticism related to? |
Their performance |
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What do boys attribute their failure to do well with? |
Lack of effort |
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What to girls attribute their failure to do well with? |
Lack of ability |
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Why do girls perform better academically than boys elementary school, but falter in high school? |
Girls take fewer advanced math classes then do boys in high school and college |
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Which gender has a higher dropout rate and lower graduation rates, as well as lower grades and test scores? |
Boys |
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Why does Richard Whitmire believe that today's school methods are better suited to girls than boys? |
Because of order, sitting still, and passive learning methods |
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How can teachers be more equitable? |
Teachers must be trained to foster assertive and affiliative skills in both girls and boys |
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School curricula and textbook should be monitored for ______________ ___________________and provide positive role models for both girls and boys |
Gender Stereotypes |
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What is a factor in teacher – student interaction where both teacher and student come to the relationship with certain socialization experiences influencing their values, morals, attitudes, motives, behaviors, roles? |
Ethnic background |
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What is the role of teacher and school? |
To implement the values and traditions of society and so take on the responsibility of acculturation |
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Diverse cultures have diverse perspectives on such things as? |
Objects/people Possessions Achievement Social roles |
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How are children socialized in individualistic cultures in regards to objects/people? |
Children learn about physical objects as a mean towards independenceParents give children toys and teach them how to use various materials so they can amuse and help themselves. Parents use direct oral language to communicate instructions |
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How are children socialized in Collectivistic cultures in regards to objects/people? |
Children are amused and helped by others. Holding, touching, and modeling how to carry out a task tend to be the dominant forms of communication |
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How are children socialized in individualistic cultures in regards to possessions? |
Emphasis generally is on having and taking care of your own things and "that's mine!" Is often heard |
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How are children socialized in collectivistic cultures in regards to possessions? |
Emphasis on social relationships and getting along extends to possessions. Personal items, such as clothing, books, toys are often considered family property and are readily shared. |
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How are children socialized in individualistic cultures in regards to achievement? |
Cultures tend to stress individual achievement and competition |
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How are children socialized in collectivistic culture in regards to achievement? |
Cultures tend to stress group affiliation and cooperation |
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How are children socialized in Collectivistic cultures in regards to social roles? |
Taught to respect hierarchy of authority roles and other adults possessing knowledge and being worthy of respect |
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How are children socialized in individualistic cultures in regards to social roles? |
Taught egalitarian principles in social roles; everyone has certain rights that must be respected, such as the right to voice an opinion |
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To understand the relationship between families disparate social economic circumstances and children's achievement, Duncan and Magnuson (2005) examined what four components of SES? |
Income Education Family structure Neighborhood |
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What is the term for the differential treatment of groups of people because of their class background and the reinforcing of those differences to values and practices of suicidal institutions? |
Classism |
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Researchers suggest that children develop learning or cognitive styles based on? |
Socialization they receive in their families and peer groups |
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Children who live in families that are structured – members have defined roles, specific times that is that feeding and sleeping, the family uses formal styles of group organization have been observed to have what kind of cognitive style? |
Analytical cognitive style |
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Children who live in families that are less structured – rules are shared, individuals eat when hungry and sleep and tired – are more likely to exhibit what kind of cognitive style? |
Relational cognitive style |
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Children who exhibit a holistic, concrete, social approach to learning have what type of learning style? |
Field – dependent |
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What type of learning style describes and analytic and logical approach to tasks and usually implies that the person relates well to impersonal, abstract information, independent of the context? |
Field – Independent |
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What type of learning style implies the person works well in groups and perceives things in terms of the whole context? |
Field – dependent |
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Children who tend to be open – warm – committed to mutual dependence, cooperative, sensitive to the feelings of others, and respectful of adults and social convention have what type of learning style? |
Field dependent |
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What are Gardner's nine multiple intelligences? |
Logical – mathematical (numbers smart) Linguistic (word smart) Body – kinesthetic (Body smart) Musical (Music smart) Spartial (picture smart) Interpersonal (people smart) Intrapersonal (self smart) Naturalist (nature smart) Existential |
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Which intelligence refers to the ability to discriminate among living things and to be sensitive to natural environment (generally qualities of botanists, zoologist, ecologists)? |
Naturalist (nature smart) |
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Which intelligence refers to sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here? |
Existential Intelligence |
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Which intelligence Is the ability to produce pitch and rhythm and appreciate musical expression (generally qualities of musicians, composers, surgeons)? |
Musical (Music smart) |
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Which intelligence is the ability to form a mental model of concrete objects and manipulate parts in relation to each other (generally qualities of architects, engineers, artist)? |
Spatial (picture smart) |
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Which intelligence involves skills related to solving logical problems and performing mathematical calculations (generally qualities of scientists, mathematicians)? |
Logical – mathematical (number smart) |
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Which intelligence involves the ability to analyze and respond to behavior, feelings, and motives of other people (generally qualities of psychologists, teachers, salespeople)? |
Interpersonal (people smart) |
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Which intelligence involves skills related to meeting, sound, and rhythm of words as well as the use of language (generally qualities of authors, journalists, poets)? |
Linguistic (word smart) |
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Which intelligence involves the ability to understand one's feelings and motives, using such knowledge to adapt one's behavior accordingly (generally qualities of actors and lawyers)? |
Interpersonal (self smart) |
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What is individualized instruction? |
Where the child's abilities rather than prescribed academic content provides a basis for teaching techniques |
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What is adaptation of the curriculum to various learning styles? |
When visual, auditory, and tactile learners are motivated to succeed |
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What is it mean to be in collaboration with the various professionals? |
Services such as medical, physical therapy, speech therapy, and counseling are provided |
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What is peer tutoring? |
Where children with greater abilities help those who are in need |
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The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), requires the children with disabilities be placed in what kind of environment? |
Least restrictive environment |
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What is the term that refers to endangerment of vulnerability to negative developmental outcomes |
Risk |
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Risk of factors affecting infants and children can be classified as? (Four classifications) |
Genetic (such as intellectual and developmental disabilities) Prenatal (such as drug exposure) Perinatal (such as healthcare) Environmental (such as property) |
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What is the term refers to the ability to withstand and rebound from crisis or persistent challenges? |
Resilience |
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What is the term for the perception, acquired through negative experiences, that effort has no effect on outcomes? |
Learned Helplessness |
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What is the term for a chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease characterized by excessive tolerance for alcohol and by physical dependency and/or pathologic organ changes as direct or indirect consequences of the substance ingested?. |
Alcoholism |
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What is the specific cluster of abnormalities appearing in babies expose prenatally to alcohol abuse (heavy drinking) and was described and named? |
Fetal alcohol syndrome |
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What is the term for the systematic abuse by one person in a intimate relationship in order to control it can dominate the partner? |
Domestic violence |
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According to the National Center for Children Exposed to Violence (2006) how many children are exposed to violence or have witnessed or been victims of violence in their homes or communities? |
10 million children |
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Children's exposure to violence as been significantly linked with what traits? |
Increased depression, anxiety, anger, and alcohol and drug abuse, and with decreased academic achievement |
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To encourage certain socialization outcomes, instructional settings can be organized into goals structures. What are the three types of classroom goals structures? |
Cooperative Competitive Individualized |
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Which goal structure is where students work together to accomplish shared goals? |
Cooperative |
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Which goal structure is one's students achievement of a goal is unrelated to other students achievement of that goal? |
Individualized |
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Which goal structure is where students work against each other to achieve goalsthat only a few students can attain? |
Competitive |
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What term refers to making schools and teachers responsible for student learning or achievement outcomes? |
Accountability |
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What term refers to a practice in which evaluations are based on real performance showing mastery of the task rather than standardized test performance? |
Authentic assessment |
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What term refers to a practice in which individual is compared to a norm on scientifically selected items, have been developed to access kindergarten readiness? |
Standardized tests |
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Which term refers to a type of communication? |
Media |
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What term refers to the form of communication in which large audiences quickly receive a given message via an impersonal medium between the sender and the receiver? |
Mass Media |
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Media affects socialization because it influences? |
Values, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior |
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What term is the learned behavior, including knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, skills and traditions, that is characteristic of the social environment in which an individual grows up? |
Culture |
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The mass media are shapers of culture in that? |
Their form and content affect us in some way |
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The mass media are spreaders of culture in that they? |
Extend our capacity as human beings to process information and in doing so transform us in some way |
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The mass media are transformers of culture in that? |
New media create new environments, as well as new ways of looking at existing environments |
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What is the theory views television as an agent of socialization. The primary proposition of the theory states that the more people spent time living in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality as portrayed on television. Thus, leaving people with a misinterpretation of what the is true in our world? |
Theory of cultivation |
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The mass communication system the United States is generally characterized by? |
Private ownership and dedicated to corporate profits |
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According to Bandura (2001) media contributes to children's learning by enabling them to observe role models behave on screen. Children identify with homeowners perceived tab prestige. Active behaviors more likely to be imitated than passive behavior. If the role models behavior is rewarded, it is also likely to be imitated Thus, children can learn positive or negative things from TV and movies. Their consequent behavior depends on other variables, especially adult mediation Which theory is this? |
Social Cognitive Theory |
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According to some researchers media used for entertainment may displace important developmental activities such as play, hobbies, games, sleep, studying, reading, physical activities, and social engagements, especially conversations with family and friends. Which theory is this? |
Displacement Theory |
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Ruben to (2002) believes the impact of media depends on how media are used (entertainment, learning, background noise), and the individual abilities characteristics of the user. For example, young children are more susceptible to Media influence due to their cognitive immaturity – they don't have the skills to Evaluate what they view and so are gullible. Whether media is used alone, with peers, or with adults makes a difference in socialization outcomes. Which theory is this? |
Motivation Theory |
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Gerbner and colleagues (2002) believe media content effects viewers beliefs about the world and consequently alters their behavior. For example, exposure to violent media leads to believe that aggression can resolve problems with no adverse effects. According to this theory the more time one is exposed to violence, the more likely that individuals will engage in violent acts. Which theory is this? |
Cultivation Theory |
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Perceptions of reality fall into two categories what are they? |
Factuality (did happen in real time and unrhearsed world, or was it constructed and scripted for TV) Social Realism (how similar is the TV portrayal to an actual event?) |
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According to Garbner and colleagues, violence is defined as the? |
Overt expression of physical force , or compelling action against one's will and pain of being hurt or killed or actually hurting or killing |
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Violence on TV is measured in terms of ? |
Prevalence Rate Role |
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What is the extent to which the violence occurs in the program called? |
Prevalence |
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What is the frequency of violent episodes called? |
Rate |
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What is the number of characteristics of violence or victimization called? |
Role |
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What is the term for the gradual reduction in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure – is used in behavior therapy to overcome fears? |
Desensitization |
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What is the term for an oversimplified representation of members of a particular group? |
Stereotype |
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What is the term that involves choosing stimuli from one's environment to notice, observe, and consider? |
Selective Attention |
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What is the term for being able to communicate through reading and writing? |
Literacy |
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What is the phenomenon in which an individual exposed to a suggestion will act on it? |
Contagion |
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The mass communication system in the US is generally characterized by? |
Private ownership and profit |
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Children spend how many hours per day in front of the television? |
3 – 5 hours per day |
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What are the messages of media? |
Attitudes Sexuality Behavior Stereotypes |
