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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
assumptions
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assertions taken for granted or supposed that may be either explicit or hidden
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evidence-based care
definition |
conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of a client
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case-control study
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a study for which a reseacher uses specific criteria to identify participants
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clinical trials
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tests taht compare a treatment's or medication's effects against a placebo
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double-blind approach
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a trial in which neither the clients nor the researchers know which treatment a subject receives
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empiricism
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the philosophical view that all knowledge and ideas come from experience
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junk science
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faulty data collection and analysis used to further a special agenda
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myths
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complete inventions, often rooted in cultural beliefs and difficult to dispel
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placebo
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inert substances given to determine the efficacy of a medications
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pseudoscience
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therapies or treatments employed without empirical or theoretical support
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quack
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a person who pretends to have medical skill
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quackery
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the use of methods not scientifically accepted or the practice of fraudulent medicine
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science
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the attempt to make sense of natural phenomena by creating a simple conceptual framework to account for observed facts.
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scientific method
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a self-correcting system that relies on the application of logic and empirical processes to test theories against observable data
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secondary data analysis
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analysis of data that the analyst did not collect or collected for a different reason
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sham treatments
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counterfeit treatments or forms of therapy administered to a control group in a research study
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uncontrolled case reports
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type 6 studies which involve unusual or extreme situations; they are subject to the bias of the person reporting them and are often simply "hearsay"
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types of scientific processes
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controlled observation
experimentation analysis synthesis prediction confirmation |
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types of scientific processes
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controlled observation
experimentation analysis synthesis prediction confirmation |
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types of scientific processes
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controlled observation
experimentation analysis synthesis prediction confirmation |
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principles of scientific method
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empiricism
publicly verifiable knowledge solvable problems |
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types of scientific processes
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controlled observation
experimentation analysis synthesis prediction confirmation |
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principles of scientific method
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empiricism
publicly verifiable knowledge solvable problems |
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empiricism
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derived from experience
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principles of scientific method
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empiricism
publicly verifiable knowledge solvable problems |
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principles of scientific method
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empiricism
publicly verifiable knowledge solvable problems |
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empiricism
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derived from experience
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empiricism
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derived from experience
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empiricism
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derived from experience
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publicly verifiable knowledge
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needs to be critiqued
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publicly verifiable knowledge
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needs to be critiqued
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publicly verifiable knowledge
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needs to be critiqued
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publicly verifiable knowledge
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needs to be critiqued
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pseudoscience
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therapies and treatments without empirical or theoretical support; may lead to myths and distorions that influence mainstream practices; methods described as "unconventional" or "unorthodox"
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pseudoscience
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therapies and treatments without empirical or theoretical support; may lead to myths and distorions that influence mainstream practices; methods described as "unconventional" or "unorthodox"
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pseudoscience
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therapies and treatments without empirical or theoretical support; may lead to myths and distorions that influence mainstream practices; methods described as "unconventional" or "unorthodox"
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pseudoscience
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therapies and treatments without empirical or theoretical support; may lead to myths and distorions that influence mainstream practices; methods described as "unconventional" or "unorthodox"
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foundation of pseudoscience
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eyewitness testimonies and personal anecdotes "hearsay"; assumptions; myths; and quackery
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foundation of science
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evidence and logical argumentation
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controlled observation
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watching phenomena and taking note of changes (if any) under specifically defined protocols
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experimentation
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the process of testing a hypothesis or prediction by carrying out data-gathering procedures under controlled condtions
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analysis
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the process of determining whether data are reliable and whether they support a given prediction or hypothesis.
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synthesis
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the ability to put parts together to form a new whole
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prediction
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stating in advance the results that one will obtain from testing a hypothesis. it can take the form of an "If - then" statement
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confirmation
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replication of the results of the experiment or study and the ability to reach similar findings before giving the results validity
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sources for standards of care
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state practice acts
professional associations and societies textbook, journals, peer review, or jury policies and procedures of healthcare organizations case law common practice of the Prudent Practitioner regulatory agencies |
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regulatory agencies
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National health organizaionts such as CDC, FDA
HCFA/CMS JCAHO state and local departments of health |
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standards of care
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often centers not only on the activity, but also the judgment or assessment by the practitioner.
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confidentially
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nurses have a professional and ethical duty to use the knowledge gained about the client ONLY to enhance their care
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HIPPA's goal
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to assure that individuals health information is properly protected while allowing the flow of health infomration needed to provide and promote high quality healthcare and to protect the public's health and well being
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patients rights
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refuse treatment
receive aftercare receive treament have the least restrictive environment |
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informed consent
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knowledge that a recipient of healthcare gives to treating providers after he or she receives sufficient information that enabltes the recipient to understand a proposed treament or procedure
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validity of informed consent
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not valid unless the client understands the procedure and risks involved.
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standard forms 1013
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MENTAL HEALTH
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standard form 2013
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drugs/alcohol
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who is authorized to admit a person to a mental health facility or rehab
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physician
licensed mental health specialist |
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who is authorized to admit a person to a mental health facility or rehab
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physician
licensed mental health specialist |
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types of admissions
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voluntary
emergency involuntary |
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voluntary admission
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client request to be admitted
evaluated for danger to self or others can not meet thier own needs but are competent |
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involuntary admission
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refuse treatment and pose a danger to themselves or others
mentally ill not judged to be suitable for less drastic options the State determines protocol and duration of stay |
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emergency admission
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mentally ill
behavior likely to harm themselves or others the State determines protocol and duration |
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voluntary clients rights
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right to refuse treatment unless they are a danger to themselves or others
may request discharge |
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emergency status rights
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limited admission period, must discharge client or change status to voluntary or determine a need for involuntary status
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involuntary admission stay
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indefinite period of time
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forensic clients
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evaluate competency to stand trail and administration of concomitant pre-trail treatment if needed
evaluate mental condition at time of alleged crime and concomitnat treatment if they plead and is acquitted on and insanity defense |
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elements needed to establish negligence
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duty
breach cause harm |
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legal rights
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right to treatment
right to treatment in the least restrictive environment right to refuse care right to aftercare |
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duty of care
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the responsibility of a person to avoid acts or omission (which can be reasonable foreseen) that would likely to cause harm to others.
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breach of duty
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a failure to perform some promised act or obligation
can be an act or an ommisiion |
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direct cause
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the basic test is to ask whether the injury would have occurred without a breach of duty
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harm
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plantiff must prove that he suffered injury or loss as a direct result of the defendant's breach
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how to reduce your liability
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speak directly with physician (leaving a message is not informed)
provide clinical data always record time of conversation (try to avoid Dr. Smith aware....) |
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bioethical principles
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fidelity
autonomy beneficence nonmaleficence veracity |
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autonomy
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the right to make decisions for oneself
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beneficence
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the principle of doing good, not harm
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fidelity
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faithfulness to duties, obligations, and promises
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veracity
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a systematic display of honesty and truthfullness inspeech
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Nonmaleficence
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to do no harm
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ethics
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principles that serve as a code of conduct about right and wrong behavior to guide the actions of individuals
points to standards or codes of behavior expected by the group to which the individual belongs |
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moral
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defines the personal character of what she/he beleives to be right and/or wrong
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pharmacodynamics
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the study of the mechanisms of action and biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs
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agonist
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triggers an action from a cell or another drug. it opens a receptor to full capacity
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partial agonist
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exerts a similar but weaker effect than an agonist. it only opens the channel halfway
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antagonist
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blocks the actions of everything in the agonist spectrum.
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rule of 5's
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it takes 5 half lives to buid a steady state in the body; by the time 5 half lives have occurred the body has washed out a single dose
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pharmacokinetics responses
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biochemical
physiological |
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pharmacokinetics basic stages
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absorption
distribution metabolism excretion |
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absorption
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transfer into the blood stream
speed it leaves the site of administration size, shape, charge and physiochemical properties route, dose, other drugs acidity alkalinity |
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distribution
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moves through the blood stream
physiochemical properties cardiac output blood flow blood brain barrier insufficient protein or albumin |
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metabolism
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increase the drugs charge and marks them for excretion
enzymatic break down in urine and feces metabolites |
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elimination
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removed from the body
most excreted by the kidneys (pH dependent) liver changes the drug only to a water soluble form what goes into the stomach acidic comes out alkaline and vise versa |
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psychotropic drugs classes
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mood stabilizers
anxiolutics antipsychotics stimulants memory/cognitive enhancers antidepressants |
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antidepressant classes
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tricyclic
MAOIs SSRIs |
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tricyclic
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increased sedation
more anticholinergic properties |
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MAOIs
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inhibit MAO oxidation
gut enzyme breaks down the amines |
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SSRIs
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affect reuptake of dopamine, norepinephine or both
blocks the transport of serotonin |
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action of serotonin
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stimulates postsynaptic receptor sites
acts both as a chemical messenger that transmits signals between nerve cells. changes in the levels in the brain can alter the mood |
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mood stabilizers
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used to treat primarily bipolar and impulse control disorders
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example of mood stabilizers
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lithium
tegretol trileptal depakote |
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lithium
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altrers sodium transport to nerves and muscles
inhibits the release of norepinephrine and dopamine |
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types of anxiolytics
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benzodiazapines
anticonvulsants |
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stimulants / cognitive enhancers
treat |
ADHD
alzheimers |
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polypharmacy
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the use of two or more psychotropic drugs, two or more drugs of the same chemical class, or two or more drugs with the same or similar pharmacolgic actions to treat different conditions
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pharmacokinetics definition
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the process of such movement from ingestion to elimination
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absorption definition
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the ability of a drug to transfer from the stomach, intestine, or both to the bloodstream
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distribution definition
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how the drug moves through the bloodstream to various body target sites
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elimination definition
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how drugs are removed from the body
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