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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The brain develops from ____ primary dilation or vesicles.
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3
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The neural tube cranial to the __ pair of somites forms the brain.
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4th
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Initially, closure of the neural tub in this region forms (the somites) 3 primary brain vesicles. name them.
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rhombencephalon(hindbrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain) prosencephalon (forebrain) |
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What initial brain vesicle is considered the hindbrain?
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rhombencephalon
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What initial brain vesicle is considered thE MIDBRAIN?
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mesencephalon
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What inital brain vesicle is considered the forebrain?
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the prosencephalon
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During week __ the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon divide further so tha there are 5 brain vesicles. what do they divide into?
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Prosencephalon: into telencephalong and diencephalon
Rhombencephalon: into myelencephalong and metencephalon |
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T/FEach of these vesicles and their lumens will form discrete parts of the brain.
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true
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What are the 4 (5) parts of the diencephalon?
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thalamus (dorsal)
hypothalamus epithalamus sub- or ventral thalamus metathalamus (MGN and LGN) |
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What comprises the metathalamus?
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MGN and LGN
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What are some synonyms for the diencephalon?
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interbrain, between brain
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The _________ connects the cerebral hemispheres with mesencephalon.
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diencephalon
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Where is the diencephalon located?
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between cerebral hemispheres, atop the midbrain.
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What comprises the epithalamus?
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habenula and pineal gland
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What makes up the hypothalamsu?
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mammillary bodies, infundibulum area below hypothalamuc sulcus
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What is the sub or ventral thalamus a part of?
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motor system Basal ganglia
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What are the 4 major subdivsions of the thalamus?
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posterior, anterior, and lateral and medial
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is the thalamus simply a relay station?
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NO, there is regulation, cortical attention and gating functions all at this level
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What are the 3 divisions of the internal capsule?
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anterior limb, posterior limb and genu
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What tracts travel through the anterior limb of the internal capusle?
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DM to prefrontal and ant n. to cingulate
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What travels through the genu of the intrenal capsule?
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VA/VL to motor and VA/VL to motor
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What travels through the post. limb of the internal capsule?
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pulvinar/LP to assoc
LGN to visual auditory radiations |
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what are the white tracts extending from the cortex to the thalmus?
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corona radiata - internal capsule
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What lobes do the anterior commissure connect?
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temporal lobes
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In the lateral subdivision of the thalamus what is found in the dorsal tier and what is found in the ventral tier?
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Dorsal tier: lat. dorsal, and lat. posterior
Ventral tier: vent. ant., vent. lat., vent. post. |
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What does the VPL stand for?
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ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus
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Where is the VPM found?
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in the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalalmus in the lateral subdivision
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What nuclei are found in the medial group of the thalamus?
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the dorsomedial and midline nuclei
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What nuclei are found in the anerior groiup>
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the anterior nucleu
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What nuclei are in the posterior group of the thalamus?
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pulvinar, MGN, LGN
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What runs along the lateral surface (consisting of myelinated fibers)
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External medullary lamina
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What runs between all of the nucleu in the thalamus? (myelinated fibers)
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internal medullary lamina
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Thin shell of cells that intervene between IC and EML =
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Reticular Nucleus, has no projections to cortex (Unique)
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T/F the reticular nucleus has no projections to the cortex
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True
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Is the nuclei of the thalamus somatopically organized?
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yes, in the lateral division: the more posterior you get (towards pulvinar) are usually neurons associated with the upper limbs, when movig more anteriorly you find neurons associated with lower limbs
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T/F the olfactory nerve doesn't project to the thalamus
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TRUE
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What does the upper and lower body sensation project to? what nucleus of the thalamus?
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THe VPL
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where does the taste and sensation of the face synapse in the thalamus?
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the VPM
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Where does all
Taste Trigeminothalamic tracts (P, T, Gen tact head,neck) Medial Lemniscus (FT, Vib, con prop) Spinothalamic (P, T, Gen tact) Synapse? |
to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
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What is the function of the intralaminar nuclei (central medial nucleus)?
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poorly understood, most likely motor
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What is the MGN responsible for?
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auditory
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What is the LGN responsible for?
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visual
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What nucleus does the Red nucleus project to?
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the ventral lateral nucleus via the dentatorubrothalamic tract from the cerebellum.
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Where does the ventral lateral nucleu PROJECT to?
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premotor cortex and motor cortex
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where does the basal ganglia project to in the thalamus?
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to the ventral anterior nuclei
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where does the ventral anterior nuclie project to?
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motor, premotor cortex
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What nuclei of the thalamus does the limbic lobe associate with?
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dorsomedial
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What are the 3 major groupings for the thalamic nuclei
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specific, non-specific, reticular
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What is the job of the specific group of the thalamic nuclei?
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receive/project specific information to/from specific areas
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Name some specific nuclei of the thalamus.
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MGN, LGN, ventral posterior nuclei, Ventral lateral and anterior nuclei
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What is the path from auditory system to area 41, 42
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MGN: path: auditory system - (cohlear nuc - (trapezoid body -lateral lemn) inf. colliculus - MGN - area 41,42 of brain
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What is the path from the retina to area 17
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retina - LGN - area 17
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Where does the ventral post. nucleus receive information from?
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medial lemnisucus, spinothalamus, trigeminothalamic, and projects all to area 3,1,2 (association cortex - primary sensory cortex)
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What input dos the ventral lateral and anterior nuc. receive?
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Lat input: cerebellum, red nucleus, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
Antt: globus pallidus, substantia nigra Both project to pre and primary mot. cortex (area 4***, 8 and 6) |
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What nuclei of the thalamus are considered non-specific?
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anterior (cingulate gyrus), dorsomedial (prefrontal and orbital cortex) - limbic), pulvinar, lat. dorsal, lat post. and reticular nucleus
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What do the pulvinar, lat. dorsal and lat. post all have in common?
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connection with other thalamic nucli and cortex and all of the connections are reciprocal
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is the reticular nucleus developmentally related to the thalamus?
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no
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Does the reticular nucleus have it's own very distinct,anatomical and physiological properties
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yes
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What is the role of the reticular nucleus?
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modulatory role in sleep-wake cycles
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What nuclei associate with the limbic system?
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lateral dorsal, dorsomedial, and anterior
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What nuclei are the 'motor relay' nuclei of the thalamus?
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the ventral anterior and ventral lateral
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What nuclei associate with the sensory (ascending)?
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VPL and VPM
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What integrates sensory info?
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dorsomedial
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What receives taste?
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VPM
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what nuclei receives input form substantia nigra?
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VL
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What receives input form globus pallidus?
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VA
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What is associated with intellect, mood, emotion, and integrates vision, auditory and sensory inputs?
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pulvinar
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Pulvinar and lateral posterior nuc
Work together, Unique to ________ and ________ |
primates
and humans |
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THe cingulate gyrus helps in what behavior?
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Modulation of emotion
Mood and behavior |
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What are the highest limbic connections?
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Highest limbic connections
Foresight, rational thinking, Social behavior, drive |
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the reticular nucles receives input from all _____- and output to all _____-
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thalamic nuclei
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When you have a lacunar infarct within the thalamus what occurs?
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thalamic pain syndrome
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When you have thalamic pain syndrome you initially lose ______- sensation.
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contralateral
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Initially, tinglin/stinging
affected area variable later, itching burning, tearing and tactile hypersesnitivity these are symptoms of what? |
Pain syndrome - thalamic
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What is the initial pain:
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tingling and stinging
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Is the area affected by the thalamic pain syndrome specific?
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no, variable
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What is the later sensation experienced with thalamic pain syndrome
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itching, burning, tearing, tactile hypersensitiviy
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Is thalamic pain syndrome permanent?
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most often, yes
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