Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
fats provide over ______ as much energy/g
|
twice
|
|
fats provide ________ for walking
|
ENERGY!
|
|
major storage form is the body
|
fats
|
|
diets are_____-
|
dangerous
|
|
carbs add weight by
|
insulin (storage hormone)
|
|
excess energy is stored in _______
|
glycogen (liver, muscle)
|
|
amino acids are necessary for _________
|
protein synthesis
|
|
how many amino acids are there?
how many and what are essential amino acids? |
20, ones your body cannot synthesize itself, 8
|
|
minerals is bones, nerves, hemoglobin, thyroid?
|
bones: Ca++, Mg++, PO4(-3)
muscles: Na+, K hemoglobin: Fe thyroid: I |
|
trace minerals (co-factors)
|
Zn, Cu, Se, etc.
|
|
2 types of vitamins
|
water and fat soluble
|
|
water soluble vitamins excess is __________
|
excreted
|
|
examples of water soluble vitamins
|
C, B (11 different ones)
|
|
fat soluble vitamons do what is the body?
|
accumulate
|
|
are fat soluble vitamins toxic?
|
YES
|
|
examples of fat soluble vitamins?
|
A, D, E, K`
|
|
digestion
|
the process of breaking down tissues into macromolecules that can be used for ENERGY and BUILDIN BLOCKS
|
|
where does digestion occur?
|
GI tract (mouth to anus)
|
|
what two processes are involved in digestion?
|
breaking down and absorbing
|
|
what kind of muscle is in the GI tract?
|
smooth (involuntary)
|
|
Contractions in the GI tract do what?
|
mix food (constrictions) and push it along (peristaltic)
|
|
sphincters
|
at end of GI tract, 2: one smooth, one voluntary
|
|
what is the mouth for?
|
tearing and grinding food
|
|
t/f: teeth are specialized depending on a species diet
|
TRUE
|
|
kinds of teeth
|
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
|
|
what is the tongue for?
|
taste, manipulation, speech
|
|
saliva does what?
|
coats food for easy swallowing
|
|
salivary amylase turns starch into what
|
disaccharides
|
|
salivary secretion is a reaction to
|
anticipation for food
|
|
paths of the pharynx
|
1. pharynx-esophagus-stomach
2. pharynx-larynx-trachea-lungs |
|
food and air share in______--
|
the pharynx
|
|
choking is
|
blocking the epiglottis(flap that keeps food out)
|
|
swallowing is
|
the voluntary act of getting food from pharynx to the esophagus
|
|
the upper esophagus is
|
voluntary
|
|
the lower esophagus is
|
smooth muscle (involuntary)
|
|
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter leads to
|
acid reflux!
|
|
the capacity of the average stomach
|
2-4 liters
|
|
the pH of the stomach is
|
low
|
|
what is chyme
|
semi-digested food
|
|
is there much absorption through the stomach
|
no, H2O, alcohol,some drugs
|
|
what is between the stomach and the small intestine?
|
pyloric sphincter
|
|
what happens in the small intestine?
|
chemical breakdown and absorption
|
|
is the surface area is the small intestine high?
|
yes
|
|
microvilli are on what
|
villi which are on wall folds in the small intestine
|
|
microvilli do what
|
absorb chemicals and nutrients for you
|
|
the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas secret into what?
|
the small intestine (duodenum)
|
|
pancreas secretes what?
|
enzymes
|
|
t/f: the pancreas rises pH
|
true
|
|
liver synthesizes...
|
bile
|
|
the liver stores what?
|
fat and glycogen
|
|
liver regulates what?
|
blood glucose
|
|
what organ detoxifies your body
|
liver
|
|
food is totally broken down and absorbed in the cells of what organ
|
small intestine
|
|
resorption of water and salts occurs in what organ
|
large intestine
|
|
feces are made in what organ and of what?
|
large intestine, 1/3 dead bacteria
|
|
what controls digestion
|
autonomic nervous system
|
|
gut peptides help with what
|
control of digestion
|
|
central nervous system helps with digestion by
|
telling you when you are full/hungry
|
|
circulation get what into the blood
|
oxygen and nutrients
|
|
what are the two types circulatory system?
|
open and closed
|
|
closed circulatory systems are composed of
|
blood in vessels
|
|
diagram of the cardiovascular system
|
heart - aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - vena cava - heart
|
|
types of blood vessels
|
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins
|
|
arteries expand and relax ....
|
slowly (smooth blood flow)
|
|
arterioles expansion and contraction is called
|
vasodilation and vasoconstriction
|
|
arterioles control
|
blood flow
|
|
what are the sites of the exchange in the blood
|
capillaries
|
|
what flows single file through the capillaries
|
red blood cells
|
|
veins have ______- resistance to blood flow
|
low
|
|
muscle contractions in the veins prevent what
|
back flow
|
|
the lymphatic system is composed of what
|
blind tubes that collect interstitial fluid
|
|
macrophages and lymphocytes come from where
|
lymph nodes
|
|
how many chambers does a fish heart have
|
2 (atrium and ventricle)
|
|
amphibians have what kind of heart
|
3 chambers, 2 atria and 1 ventricle
|
|
birds and mammals have what kind of heart
|
4 chambers, 2 atria and 2 ventricles
|
|
what are the two circulations in birds and mammals
|
pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (everywhere else)
|
|
O2 comes in and CO2 goes out in which respiratory system
|
pulmonary
|
|
diagram of the mammalian heart
|
right atria - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - left atria - etc
|
|
the pulmonary artery is high in ______ and low in ______
|
CO2, O2`
|
|
the left atria is high in ____ and low in___
|
O2, CO2
|
|
what are the two types of one way heart valves
|
atrioventricular and semilunar
|
|
can the mammalian heart beat outside of the body and why?
|
yes, has its own pacemaker (heart beat is controlled in the heart)
|
|
when muscle fibers contract spontaneously and independently of one another
|
fibrillation
|
|
what controls heart beat
|
sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node
|
|
the sinoatrial node initiates action in what part of the heart
|
right atrium
|
|
the atrioventricular node has how long of a delay
|
0.1 second
|
|
the adrenal medulla releases what and controls what in the heart
|
epinephrine (epi), stroke volume and minute volume of the heart
|
|
autonomic nervous system is made of what
|
sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
|
the sympathetic nervous system releases what and is what
|
norepi, stimulatory
|
|
the parasympathetic system releases what and is what
|
acetylcholine (Ach), hibitory
|
|
blood pressure is made up of what
|
systolic (contraction)/ diastolic (relaxation)
|
|
what is hypertension
|
when the heart works harder
|
|
atherosclerosis is
|
the hardening of the arteries
|
|
what much blood do people have on average?
|
5-6 liters
|
|
what percentage of the blood is cells and what percent is plasma?
|
40% and 60%
|
|
how long so red blood cells live
|
4 months
|
|
do red blood cells have a nucleus
|
no
|
|
where are red blood cells made
|
the spleen and the bone marrow
|
|
white blood cells(leukocytes) are less than what percent of blood and how many types are there
|
1%, 5 types
|
|
platelets are for what
|
clotting
|
|
is breathing part of cellular respiration
|
no
|
|
gills are in what animals
|
invertebrates, fish, some amphibians
|
|
are gills efficient and why
|
yes, less O2 in water
|
|
are lungs efficient and why?
|
no, only one opening
|
|
what is the main advantage of lungs
|
constantly moist
|
|
inhalation does what to the chest
|
increases its volume
|
|
in exhalation our muscles do what
|
relax
|
|
what is our tidal air volume
|
500 mL
|
|
the vital capacity of our lungs is
|
5 liters
|
|
what are the air passage ways
|
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
|
|
why is the nose important for breathing
|
traps particles, warms and humidifies air
|
|
the vocal cords are in the....
|
larynx
|
|
how many bronchi do we have and what are they made of
|
2, bronchioles
|
|
bronchioles are made up of
|
alveoli
|
|
where does gas exchange take place
|
alveoli
|
|
oxygen is transported in the...
|
hemoglobin
|
|
how is CO2 transported out of the blood
|
dissolves in the blood
|
|
what controls breathing?
|
inspiratory motor neurons and sensory neurons
|
|
what is the function of the immune system
|
defense against disease
|
|
what are three things the immune systems does/has?
|
barriers, internal defenses, immune response
|
|
what are some of the barriers of the immune system?
|
skin, sweat glands, etc
|
|
what are the internal defenses of the immune system?
|
inflammatory response, macrophages, pus, killing most bacteria in wound area
|
|
what does the immune response do?
|
white blood cells attack shit. B and T cells
|
|
B cells are what
|
antibodies
|
|
immunoglobulin protein formed in response to an antigen
|
antibody
|
|
a foreign subtance that elicits an immune response
|
antigen
|
|
antibodies and antigens combine and what happens?
|
neutralize bacteria or toxin
|
|
what are components of immune response?
|
recognition, attack, memory
|
|
how many antibodies does the human body have and is it enough?
|
millions, no
|
|
antibodies are on the surface of ____ cells
|
B and T
|
|
describe the shape of antibodies
|
Y shaped, constant region is the bottom, top is 2 peptides that are specific for antigens
|
|
how are antibodies created
|
mutations, new combinations of genes until we find the right match
|
|
how do our bodies recognize our selves?
|
code for antigens on our own cells
|
|
t/f: our immune system develops immediately
|
false
|
|
what two types of immunity do we have?
|
passive (from ma) and active
|
|
ATTACK! (describe humoral immunity)
|
antibody on B cell bind to antigen and is cloned, divides and divides
|
|
plasma cells do what
|
release antibodies into the blood
|
|
memory cells do what
|
live for years and remember previous antigens
|
|
what is an antibody's function
|
neutralize toxins, blocks active site, coats cells, agglutination
|
|
what is agglutination?
|
antibody binds two antigens, clumping
|