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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
prejudice |
A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
Why important? Prejudice is an attitude. A prejudiced person may dislike those different from self and behaving in a discriminatory manner, believing them to be ignorant and dangerous - we can have different explicit (conscious) and implicit (automatic) attitudes toward the same target. - prejudice exists in subtle and unconscious guises as well as overt, conscious forms - prejudice springs from unequal status and from other social sources, including our acquired values and attitudes - once established, prejudice is maintained largely by inertia |
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stereotype |
A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, accurate, innaccurate, and resistant to new information - to stereotype is to generalize - the social perception glass is about 90 percent full - may be positive or negative, accurate or innacurate - the 10 percent problem with stereotypes arises when they are overgeneralized or just plain wrong. |
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discrimination |
Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members - often has its source in prejudicial attitudes |
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racism |
An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or institutional practices that subordinate people of a given race |
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social dominance orientation |
A motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups |
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ethnocentric |
Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups |
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authoritarian personality |
A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status |
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realistic group conflict |
Suggests that prejudices arise when groups compete for scarce resources |
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social identity |
The "we" aspect of our self-concept |
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ingroup |
A group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity |
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outgroup |
A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup |
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ingroup bias |
The tendency to favor one's own group - represents human quest for a positive self-concept - when our group is successful we can make ourselves feel better by identifying more strongly with it |
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outgroup homogeneity effect |
Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members |
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own-race bias |
The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race |
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group-serving bias |
Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions while excusing such behavior by one's own group |
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just-world phenomenon |
The tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
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subtyping |
Seeing people who deviate from stereotype as exceptions to the rule |
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subgrouping |
Forming a new subgroup stereotype for people who deviate from the original stereotype |
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stereotype threat |
A self-confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype - acting in confirmation of the stereotype - has an immediate effect - threat from facing a negative stereotype can produce performance deficits |
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subtle prejudice |
Exaggerating ethnic differences, feeling less admiration and affection for immigrant minorities, rejecting them for supposedly nonracial reasons |
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What is aggression? |
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone - hostile aggression: springs from anger - instrumental aggression: aims to injure but only as a means to some other end |
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Aggression as a biological phenomenon |
Jean-Jacques Rousseau blames society, not human nature, for social evils Thomas Hobbes credits society for restraining the human brute Sigmund Freud argues that aggressive drive is inborn and thus inevitable |
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instinctive behavior |
An innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species |
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frustration-aggression theory |
The theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress |
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frustration |
The blocking of goal-directed behavior - frustration arises from the gap between expectations and attainments |
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displacement |
The redirection of aggression to a safer or more socially acceptable target other than the source of the frustration |
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relative deprivation |
The perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself |
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social learning theory |
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished |
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catharsis |
Emotional release. The catharsis view of aggression is that the aggressive drive is reduced when one releases aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression |
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ostracism |
Acts of excluding or ignoring |
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proximity |
Geographical nearness. Proximity predicts liking - functional distance: how often people's paths cross - enables liking due to interaction, anticipatory liking, and mere exposure |
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interaction |
Enables people to explore their similarities, to sense one another's liking, and to perceive themselves as part of a social unit. |
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anticipatory liking |
Expecting that someone will be pleasant and compatible |
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mere exposure effect |
The potential for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them |
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physical attractiveness stereotype |
The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well |
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reward theory of attraction |
The theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events |
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two-factor theory of emotion |
Suggests that in a romantic context, arousal from any source, even painful experiences, can be steered into passion |
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secure attachment |
Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy |
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avoidant attachment |
Attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others |
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insecure attachment |
Attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence |
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equity |
A condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it |
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self-disclosure |
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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altruism |
A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests |
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social-exchange theory |
The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs. |
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reciprocity norm |
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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social - responsibility norm |
An expectation that people will help those needing help |
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kin selection |
The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes |
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empathy |
Putting oneself in another's shoes; vicarious experience of another's feelings |
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bystander effect |
The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders |
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door-in-the-face technique |
A strategy for gaining a concession. After someone turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request |
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moral exclusion |
Regarding others as outside of one's moral concern |
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moral inclusion |
Regarding others as within one's circle of moral concern |
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overjustification effect |
The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing |