Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is phototropism?
|
Plant bending toward light
|
|
What chemical causes cell elongation?
|
Auxin
|
|
Another name for auxin is
|
Indole acetic acid (IAA)
|
|
Where is auxin manufactured? Then where does it go?
|
Apical meristem
then moves to zone of elongation |
|
How does auxin stimulate cell elongation?
|
1. Auxin stimulates proton pump in cell wall
2. pH is lowered on the wall 3. cellulose cross-links dissengage from acidity 4. cell uptakes water - cell elongation 5. cross links are restablished |
|
What are some other effects of auxin?
|
1. Stimulates the differentiation of vascular cambium into 2ndary xylem and phloem
2. Stimulates the growth of adventitious roots 3. stimulates fruit development in developing seeds |
|
What to cytokinins do?
|
1. Stimulate cytokinesis
|
|
Cytokinin is a modified form of _____.
|
Arginine
|
|
Cytokinin works with ____ for cell differentiation and division.
|
auxin
|
|
If you remove th terminal bud, you remove the source of _____, which will cause the plant to ______.
|
auxin
branch out and become bushy |
|
Ciytokinins stimulate the __buds
|
lateral
|
|
_________ stimulate hyper growth as in foolish seedling disease.
|
Giberrilins
|
|
Where are giberilins produced?
|
roots and young leaves
|
|
Gibberrellins cause ______ in biennials which means that flowers grow in the first year.
|
bolting
|
|
What are the processes involved in germination
|
a. seed imbibes water
b. giberrellin is released from embryo c. GB stimulates alurone to release alpha amylase d. amylase breaks dormancy in buds (substitution for cold requirement) |
|
Where is abscisic acid produced?
|
in the terminal bud
|
|
What does abscisic acid do in plants? (5)
|
a. Slows growth
b. directs leaf primordia to produce bid scales - protection for winter c. promotes leaf abcision d. inhibits seed germination e. closes stomata during drout conditions |
|
______ causes fruit to ripen and inhibits cell elongation.
|
ethylene
|
|
How do ethylene and auxin work together?
|
1. when auxin levels are high (promoting cell elongation) ethylene levels rise which curbs cell elongation
2. ethylene also inhibits axillary buds like auxin ( no lateral growth) |
|
During fruit ripening ____ release sugar and ___ breaks down letting other pigments show
|
cell wall
chlorophyll |
|
Storing fruit in high _______ will retard ethylene's ripening effect on fruit
|
CO2
|
|
Leaf abscission is controlled by a balance between ____ and _____.
|
auxin
ethylene |
|
In an aging leaf there is less ____ which makes it more sensitive to ethylene.
|
auxin
|
|
In leaf abcision they ___ layer goes first then the ___ layer
|
abcision
cork |
|
What are stataliths?
|
starch grains in root cells that settle and influence Ca2+ distribution which in turn influences auxin distribution
|
|
what are phototropism, gravitropism and thigmotropism
|
response in growth to light, gravity and touch
|
|
In the rapid turgor movements that cause the mimosa to close when touched, K+ leaves the ______ which causes water to leave leading to loss in turgor pressure
|
pulvini
|
|
A _______ day plant flowers when the day length is less than a critical period. Examples include ______ and ______
|
short
chrysanthymum, ragweed |
|
A _______ day plant flowers when the day length is longer than a critical period. Examples include ______
|
long
garden vegetables |
|
_________ plants flower on any photoperiod. Examples include ____ and _____
|
Day neutral
tomato, dandilion |
|
If you interrupt the night of a _____ day plant with a flash of light you can stop the flowering
|
short
|
|
What is a phytochrome? What are the two wavelengths that play roles in photoperiodism?
|
light sensitive pigment
red - 660 far-red - 730 |
|
If a short day plant receives a red then far-red then a red flash will it flower?
|
no it will not flower
|
|
If a long day plant receives a far-red flash will it flower?
|
no it will not flower
|
|
What is a halophyte? How does it cope with its stress?
|
-salt tolerant species
-forms high amount of compatible solutes that decrease osmotic gradient and keep water in cell |
|
During periods of water defecit the mesophyll will produce _____ to controll water loss.
Some grasses will curl their leaves and ____ will be reduced |
abcisic acid
photosynthesis |
|
What happens when plants like the water lilly deal with low oxygen levels?
|
Less oxygen leads to production of ethylene. This causes cortex cells to die. The cell walls break down leaving air spaces for oxygen to gather.
|
|
How do plants deal with heat?
|
Evaporative cooling
Manufacture heat shock proteins |
|
What negative things happen to plants during the cold?
How does a plant combat this? |
Membranes lose fluidity
slows down transport ice crystals can destroy cells some species make chemicals that lower the freezing point of the cell |
|
What do plants do to defend againt herbivores?
|
-thorns
-chemicals like phytotoxins |
|
What does canavanine do?
|
it acts as an arginine analog. This in turn will be placed in now structurally faulty proteins. this could lead to death if it is essential protein
|
|
What does juvenile hormone do?
|
does not allow for the maturation of insects - pest deterrant
|
|
What are cardiac glycosides?
|
Digitalis, and oleander produce chemicals with hearts normal function
|
|
How do plans defend against pathogens?
|
-phytoalexins
-crosslink-walls slow pathogenic invasion |
|
What are phytoalexins and SAR?
|
Phytoalexins are in house antibiotics which leads to a systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
|
|
SAR is activated by ______
|
salycilic acid (aspirin)
|
|
What is the typical 2nd messenger in the signal transduction pathway?
|
Ca2+
|
|
What is the basement membrane?
What does it do? |
mat of ECM which epithelia attaches.
organizes events for metabolism |
|
Whcih shape of epitheila are usually secretory?
|
columnar
|
|
Which kind of epithelia can secrete and absorb?
Where can you find them? |
glandular epithelia
mucous membrane respiratory tract small intestine |
|
cancer of epithelia is called
|
carcinoma
|
|
cancer of connective tissue is called
|
sarcoma
|
|
_______is the most widespread CT
|
loose connective tissue
|
|
in loose CT cells are suspended in a _______-like matrix
|
jelly
|
|
_______connective tissue bonds epithelia to underlying tissue
|
loose
|
|
what are the three types of protein fibers and give descriptions
|
1. collagenous - made of collagen
2. elastic - stretchy 3. reticular fibers - thin and branched |
|
What do fibroblast do?
|
secrete protein to form fibers
|
|
what cell types are in loose CT?
|
-fibroblasts
-macrophages |
|
1/2 of ____ tissue is subcutaneous and 1/2 pads organs
|
adipose
|
|
In dense fibrous CT collagen fibers are arranged in _______
|
parallel bundles
|
|
when collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel bundles its called_______ CT
|
dense fibrous
|
|
two types of fibrous CT are ____
|
tendons and ligaments
|
|
Cartillage is fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix called
|
chondritin sulfate
|
|
___ is mineralized CT
|
bone
|
|
cllagen + Ca3PO4
|
cell hydroxy apetite
|
|
this is the liquid matrix of blood. it composes ___%
|
plasma
55% |
|
botulism destroys ____ which paralyzes the mucsle
|
ACh
|
|
lockjaw is caused when ____ is destroyed reulting in overabundance of ACh at snapse
|
ACh-esterase
|
|
which muscle type produces the fastest contractions
|
skeletal
|
|
what are the layers of the stomach
|
mucosa
submucosa muscularis serosa |
|
what is the mucosa?
|
innermost lining of the stomach, made of epthelial cells, secretes mucus and digestive juices
|
|
what is the submucosa?
|
layer of CT under mucosa
|
|
what is the muscularis?
|
layer of smooth muscle under submucosa
|
|
what is the serosa?
|
layer of CT and epithelia
outermost layer |
|
What are messsentaries?
|
CT that suspend organs in place
|
|
______ have a constant body temp and heat is generated by ______
|
endotherms
metabolism |
|
_______ take their temperature from the environment
|
exotherms
|
|
How is body size related to metabolic rate
|
inversely related
|
|
a small animal has a greater ______ therefore loses heat faster
|
surface to volume
|
|
These organisms participate in direct exchange w/ the environment
|
unicellular and simple multicellular
|
|
Complex multicellular systems need _____ btw exchange surface and cells
|
transport system
|
|
This center of the brain monitors blood temp
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
Give an example of a suspension feeder
|
clam, baleen whale, filter feeder
|
|
give an example of a substrate feeder
|
tapeworm, leaf miner
|
|
give an example of a fluid feeder
|
mosquito, hummingbird
|
|
name the steps in food processing(4)
|
ingestion
digestion absorption elimination |
|
why do we need digestion
|
macromolecules to large to cross membranes
|
|
A paramecium conducts digestion via a _________ which binds w/ a lysosome
|
food vacuole
|
|
Sponges perform ________ digestion
|
intracellular
|
|
a choanocyte is a ______
|
flagellated cell on sponge that scoops food into mouth area
|
|
What are the nematocysts on a hydra
|
stinging cells
|
|
Hydra is part of the phylum ____
|
cnidria
|
|
Planaria are part of the phylum ____
|
PLatyhelmintines
|
|
planaria and hydra start digestion _______
|
extracellularly
|
|
what organism posses an alimentary canal?
|
earthworm, bird, insect
|
|
what are the main components of saliva? (3)
|
mucin
lysozyme amylase |
|
what is mucin
|
glycoprotein that serves as a lubricant
|
|
what does amylase do in saliva
|
convert starch and glycogen to maltose (glucose disaccharide)
|
|
name the three salivary glands
|
submandibular
sublingual parotid |
|
what is deglutition?
|
swallowing
|
|
what is GIRD
|
gastrointestinal reflux disease
|
|
HCL is secreted by ____ and pepsin is secreted by ____ in stomach
|
parietal glands
chief cells |
|
stomach has a volume of about ____ and a pH of ____
|
2L
2 |
|
what is a zymogen
|
innactive form of the enzyme
|
|
the stomach lining is renewed every ____ days
|
3
|
|
Food stimulates stomach to produce a hormone _____ which in turn stimulates the production of _____
|
gastrin
gastric juice |
|
if the contents of the stomach are too low ______ inhibits gastric juice production
|
high acidity
|
|
The ______ sphincter leads from the stomach to small intestine
|
pyloric
|
|
The ______ is the first 25cm of the small intestine
|
duodenum
|
|
Chyme from stomach stimulates production of ______ which in turn signals _____ to release _____ to neutralize the acidic chyme
|
secretin
pancreas HCO3- |
|
What does cholecystokinin (CCK) do?
|
stimulates gall blader to release bile in order to emulsify fat in small intestine
|
|
in the mouth starch and glycogen are broken down by ______ into maltose
|
amylase
|
|
in the stomach proteins are broken down into polypeptides by ________
|
pepsin
|
|
polypeptides are broken down into small polypeptides by _______ in the small intestine
|
chymotrypsin
|
|
small polypeptides are broken down into amino acids by
|
peptidases
aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase |
|
______ break nucleic acids down to nucleotides
|
nucleases
|
|
fats are emulsified by ______ which is then broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by ______
|
bile
lipase |
|
Maltose---->2 glucose
sucrose ---> fructose + glucose lactose ----> galactose + glucose |
maltase
sucrase lactase |
|
At the brush border sugar and AA are sent to _____ while glycerol and fatty acids are ____
|
capilaries
given a protein coat (chylomicrons) and taken to lacteal |
|
in the capilaries blood is sent through ____ where it reaches the liver and if in excess is converted to _____
|
hepatic portal vein
glycogen |
|
Does digestion occur in large intestine?
|
no
|
|
appendix is attached at blind sac called ___
|
caecum
|
|
E. coli manufactures _____ in large intestine which is necessary for ____
|
vitamin K
blood clotting |
|
what kind of dentition do the following have?
Carnivore herbivore omnivore |
C: incisors and canine
H: premolars and molars O: both |
|
The ______ is longer in an herbivore because ____ is hard to digest
|
small intestine
cellulose |
|
What is a rumicant? give an example
|
animal with a 4 chambered stomach; regurgitates and chews cud
cow |
|
What are the four classes of essential nutrients?
|
AAs
vitamins minerals fatty acids |
|
How many essential amino acids are there?
where can you find methionine and lysine? |
8
methionine - corn lysine - beans |
|
What is the name of the disease caused by protein difficiency
|
Kwashokoa
|
|
what are linuleic acids
|
essential fatty acids
|
|
What are the 8 water soluble vitamins
|
Thiamine
Riboflavin Niacin B6 Pantomenic acid B12 Vitamin C |
|
What are the 4 fat suluble vitamins?
|
A,D,E,K
|
|
Thiamine aka ___ is a source of _____ in ATP formation. Deficiency can lead to ____
|
B1
phosphate beriberi |
|
Riboflavin aka ___ deficiency can be detected by _____
|
B2
cracks in corners of mouth |
|
Too much Niacin is evident by ____
|
flush skin
|
|
Pantomeric acid deficiency involves ____
|
fatigue and tingling sensation
|
|
Flic acid deficiency in pregnant women will produce child w ______
|
neural tube defects
|
|
B12 is essential for ____ maturation
aka _____ |
RBC
cobalamine |
|
Vitamin C is important in ____ repair
|
collagen
|
|
Vitamin A is aka ____ and deficiency can cause ______ and _____ but may be toxic in high amounts as well
|
retinol
dry eyes night blindness |
|
Vitamin D is a steroid that prevents ____ and is manufactured by ____ w sun exposure
|
rickets
skin |
|
Vitamin E is an antioxidant that is involved in ____ integrity
|
membrane
|
|
Vitamin K is involved in _______
|
blood clotting
|
|
Essential minerals include (5)
|
Calcium
Phosphorus Potassium Iodine Iron |
|
Iodine deficiency can result in ____.
|
goiter
|
|
_____ is a mineral that acts to balance pH
|
phosphate
|
|
What is C-reactive protein
|
inflammation indicator
|
|
In an open circulatory system _____ bathes the internal organs and the heart pumps blood to the _____
|
hemolymph
sinuses |
|
In a closed circulatory system blood is confined to ____ and exchanges material with ________
|
vessels
interstitial fluid |
|
list all the vessels in order of blood flow
|
arteries
arterioloes capilaries venules veins |
|
A fish has a _ chambered heart and no _______ circulation
|
2
pulmonary |
|
Birds and mammals have ___ chambered heart
|
4
|
|
IN frogs and amphibians is there a mixing of oxygenated and unoxygeneated blood?
where does gas excange occur? |
yes
thru moist skin |
|
birds and mammals (do/do not) mix unoxygenated and oxygenated blood
|
do not
|
|
The ____ valves are found btw the chambers of the heart and the ___ valves are found at the exits of the heart
|
atrioventricular
semilunar |
|
the lub sounds is the___
|
recoil of blood against closed av valve
|
|
the dub sound is
|
the recoil of blood against semilunar valve
|
|
heart murmur is caused by a ___
|
leaky valve
|
|
rheumativ fever results from a ___ infection and can cause _____
|
strep
leaky valve |
|
avg heart rate is
|
72bpm
|
|
heart rate is related to body size how?
|
inversely
|
|
cardiac output is
|
volume per minute
|
|
stroke volume is
|
mL per beat
|
|
Cardiac output can increase 5x with ____
|
exercise
|
|
The ___- cells in the heart are self excitable
|
autorhythmic
|
|
The _____ is the pacemaker of the heart
|
sinoatrial node (SA node)
|
|
THe SA node stimulates the ___ node which cause the ___ to contract
|
AV
ventricles |
|
SA node can be influenced by
|
nerves
hormones body temp |
|
a 1 degree C increase in temp can raise heart rate ____ bpm
|
10bpm
|
|
the vessels of a vertebrates closed circulatory system are lined with _____
|
endothelium
|
|
The____ has the most rapid rate of flow and is thick walled and muscular
|
artery
|
|
an arteriole contains a ______ sphincter
|
precappilary
|
|
the slowest blood flow in the body can be found in the
|
capilaries
|
|
What is marfan's syndrome?
Whate are indicators of it? |
CT disease that mostly effects circulatory system.
Long limbs and feet loose joints Aneurysm |
|
what is an aneurysm?
|
thinning of vessel wall
|
|
pulse can be detected in the __ artery on arm and the ____ artery on neck
|
radial
carotid |
|
Blood pressure is lower in which vessels?
so how does blood move? |
veins
muscles and valve systems |