Test 2 Patho Ch 12,13,14,15

Front 1

what are the 2 defense systems of the immune system and what do they do

Back 1

1. nonspecific(innate)=natural
2. specific(adaptive)= acquired

Front 2

Name 2 2nd lines of defense

Back 2

1. inflammation response
2. phaocytosis

Front 3

name 2 3rd lines of defense

Back 3

specific immunity and natural killer cells

Front 4

Name first line of defenses

Back 4

skin, mucous membrane, normal bacterial flora, gastric ph, perspiration, tears, earwax

Front 5

inflammatory response is a second line of defense what does it do

Back 5

responds within SECONDS- releases chemicals that increases circulation at the site where plasma cells attack antigen

Front 6

Phagocytosis is a second line of defense what happens?

Back 6

cells ingest and dispose of foreign material...circulating neutrophils esinophils monocytes and macophages

Front 7

the immune response is the 3rd line of defense and is specific, what happens?

Back 7

slower than inflammatory response, has memory, and is specific. immunity is mediated by immuoglobin, lymphocytes ...the types are innate and adaptive

Front 8

5 important points about Innate immunity?

Back 8

- early reaction
-can tell self from nonself
-unable to distinguish btw pathogens
-consists of cellular and biochemical defenses b4 infection
-major components are PHAGOCYTIC/NK/PLASMA PROTEINS/CYTOKINES

Front 9

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY IS ACQUIRED OF SPECIFIC IMMUNITY NAME 5 IMPORTANT POINTS

Back 9

- you get it thru previous exposure to infection
- can recognize/distinguish/ react to a large number of microbes and nonmicrobial substances
-major component is lymphocyte
-humoral immunity= b cells=plasma cells=immuglobulin
- cell mediated immunity= t cells=cytotoxic t cells

Front 10

WHat can can stimulate an immune response, contains eptiopes, recognized by existing antibodies, and include bacteria/viruses/fungi/protozoans/ poison ivy/resin

Back 10

ANTIGEN(IMMUNOGEN)

Front 11

WHAT ARE THE 3 IMMUNE CELLS

Back 11

LYMPHOCYTES, ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS, EFFECTOR CELLS

Front 12

WHAT ARE GENERATED FROM STEM CELL IN BONE MARROW IN ADULT AND IN LIVER/SPLEEN IN FETUS

Back 12

LYMPHOCYTES

Front 13

B LYMPHOCYTE

Back 13

- MATURE IN BONE MARROW
-10-20% OF BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES

Front 14

T LYMPHOCYTE

Back 14

MATURE IN THYMUS, 60-7O% OF BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES

Front 15

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF CLUSTER DIFFERNTIATION

Back 15

- mature b and t cells have surface molecules called CD
-molecules serve to define functional distinct t cell subsets
-CD4 T helper= help and enhance response of other t and b cells

-CD8 T cytotoxic= kill virus infected cells and tumor cells
- HIV destroys CD4 cells

Front 16

MHC MOLECULE

Back 16

A CERTAIN FEATURE OF SPECIFIC IMMUNITY AND HAS THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH BTW THE BODYS OWN MOLECULES AND FOREIGN ANTIGENS
- THE CELL SURFACE MHC MOLECULE THAT CAN TELL SELF FROM NON SELF ARE
MHC1= FOUND ON NUCLEATED CELLS MHC2= FOUND ON MACOPHAGES , DENDRITE CELLS AND B LYMPHOCYTES

Front 17

The recognition of a t cell receptor on a cd4 helper is associated with which MHC class

Back 17

2

Front 18

recognition of a tcr on cd cytotoxic of a viral antigen is associated with which class of MHC

Back 18

class 1 on a virus infected cell

Front 19

what is the function of T cell?

Back 19

- its cell mediated
-control of viral infections/ rejection of foreign tissue graphs/delayed hypersensitivity reactions
-CD4 is a type is the master switch for immune system, secrete cytokines and affect all immune cells
CD8 is a type that destroys target cells

Front 20

T helper cells CD4 secrete----- that attract-----

Back 20

cytokines; CD8 cytotoxic cells

Front 21

Name the three cells involved with a humoral response

Back 21

b lymphocytes, plasma cells, immuloglobulins (antibodies)

Front 22

what is the function of a b cell?

Back 22

change into plasma cells that produce antibodies that travel in the blood and interact with circulating and cell surface antigens

Front 23

what are immunoglobulins?

Back 23

special class of proteins called antibodies(five classes G,A,M,D,E)

Front 24

What are the functions of immuoglobulins?

Back 24

1. nuetralize bacterial toxins/viruses 2. activate inflammatory response 3.. opzonasztion of bacteria

Front 25

what is the function of IgG?

Back 25

most abundant and protects against bacteria,viruses, toxins.

Front 26

what is the function of IgA

Back 26

found in tears, saliva, colostrum, ect

Front 27

what is the function of IgM

Back 27

first one present in newborn and first circulating one to appear in response to an antigen

Front 28

what is function of IgD

Back 28

on cell membrane of b lymphocyte

Front 29

what is the function of IgE

Back 29

invovled in inflammatory and allergic response and combating parasite infections

Front 30

Fully developed at birth and gradually regresses and replaced with fat tissue, some thymus persists into old age

Back 30

Thymus

Front 31

what are cytokines

Back 31

regulating proteins produced in ALL stages of an immune response
Modulate the movement, proliferation, and differentiation of leukocytes
Named for the cell that produces them:
Lymphokines
Monokines
More specifically named by the international nomenclature (i.e., interleukins 1-30). Interferons (IFNs) - interferes with virus multiplication)
Includes – interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, colony-stimulating factor

Front 32

explain active immunity

Back 32

you get it thru having the disease or getting immunization..depends on the response to the antigen..long term protection

Front 33

explain passive immunity

Back 33

- transfered from another soure
-mom to baby--IgG crosses placenta to protect in the first 3-6 months of life
-breast milk
-short term protection

Front 34

what is Chemotaxis

Back 34

Release of chemical at injured site that attract leukocytes to injured site

Front 35

what are the cardinal signs of inflammatory response

Back 35

redness,swelling,heat,pain,loss of function and is a nonspecific response

Front 36

what happens in the vascular stage in inflammatory response

Back 36

constricts then dialtes--capillary permeability(fluid moves into tissue)--clotting of blood in small capillaries at injury site

Front 37

what is acute inflammation marked by

Back 37

phagocytic WBC(leucocytes)

Front 38

what is released at the celular level in inflammation

Back 38

granulocytes and monocytes

Front 39

what is the function of Neutrophils

Back 39

white blood cell and primary phagocyte

Front 40

esoniphils function

Back 40

increase in allergic reactions and parasite infections

Front 41

Granulocytes

Back 41

a wbc with 3 types(nuetro,eso,baso) have multilobed nuculei

Front 42

what are inflammatory mediators

Back 42

s/s of inflammation that are produced by chemical mediators that come from plasma cells

Front 43

Plasma Protease

Back 43

consists of kinins (bradykinin causes capillary permeability and pain), activated complement protein, clotting factors

Front 44

Histamine

Back 44

causes dilation and increased permeability of capillaries

Front 45

Arachidonic Acid Metabolites

Back 45

Prostaglandins- cause vasodilation, permeability, pain and fever – NSAIDS work here
Leukotriens – same action as histamine but cause slow sustained response – slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) – Singular works here

Front 46

Cytokines

Back 46

interleukins, interferons, TNF

Front 47

Nitric Oxide

Back 47

relaxes smooth muscle, reduces platelet aggregation, aids in leukocytes recruitment

Front 48

Platelet-activating factor

Back 48

induces platelet aggregation

Front 49

Mast cells function

Back 49

cells, which synthesize and store histamines, found in most body tissues, particularly just below the epithelial surfaces, serous cavities and around blood vessels. In an allergic response, an allergen stimulates the release of antibodies, which attach themselves to mast cells. and is similar to basophil and produce symptoms with allergic reaction

Front 50

local manifestations of inflammation

Back 50

Range from swelling and the formation of exudate to abscess formation
Exudates
Serous – watery fluid (plasma)
Hemorrhagic – RBC’s
Fibrinous – fibrinogen (thick, sticky meshwork)
Purulent (suppurative) contains pus, which is degraded WBC’s, protein, tissue debris
Abscess formation

Front 51

Systemic Effects Inflammation

Back 51

Leukocytosis
Fever
Increase in circulating plasma proteins
Sepsis and septic shock

Front 52

Systemic Effects Inflammation in detail

Back 52

Leukocytosis
WBC’s 15,000 to 20,000
Shift to left ↑ bands (immature neutrophils), and cytokines (IL-1) stimulate production of WBC’s
Viral infections usually cause neutropenia
Allergic responses –increase in eosinophils
Fever – due to cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, &TNF)
Lymphadenitis – painful palpable nodes
Sepsis - Septic shock

Front 53

what are the major mediators involved in the allergic response

Back 53

inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells

Front 54

what is type 1 hypersensitivity immune response

Back 54

Immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions)
Triggered by an the binding of an allergen to a specific IgE found on the surface of mast cells or basophiles
Examples:
Anaphylaxis (systemic or local)
Allergic rhinitis
Food allergy- seafood, nuts, etc.

Front 55

Initial (first exposure) sensitization to an allergen stimulates B lymphocytes to produce IgE from plasma cells.
The IgE coats the surface of the mast cell by binding with IgE–specific crystalline fragment (Fc) receptors on the mast cell's plasma membrane.
Second exposure to the same allergen cross–links the surface–bound IgE and causes degranulation of the mast cell.
The late phase occurs 2 to 8 hours later without additional exposure to antigen. The last phase has more intense filtration of tissues with eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, and helper T cells.


Back 55

mechanism of type 1

Front 56

Types
Atopic - Localized reaction
A genetically determined hpersensitivity to common environmental allergens
Anaphylaxis - Systemic disorders
A systemic life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction

Back 56

types of immune response 1

Front 57

Destruction of a target cell through the action of antibody (IgG or IgM) against a target cell
Examples:
Mismatched blood transfusion reaction
Newborn ABO or Rh incompatibility
Certain drug reactions

Back 57

Type II, Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity

Front 58

Acquired immune dysfunction, caused by the HIV retrovirus that attacks the CD4 T lymphocytes; Retrovirus – carries genetic information in RNA
Bind to surface of target cell, injects RNA into target cell
RNA converted to DNA, injects into target cell’s genetic material
May remain dormant

Back 58

AIDS

Front 59

treatment for AIDS

Back 59

NARTI
Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Abacavir, Zudovidine (AZT)
NNRTI
Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Sustiva, Rescriptor
PI
Protease Inhibitors
Crixivan, Viracept

Front 60

The crystal violet of gram stain is precipitated by Gram iodine and is trapped in the thick peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria

Back 60

Gram positive = Purple

Front 61

bacteria are visualized by the red counter stain The decolorizer dispenses the gram-negative outer membrane and washes the crystal violet from the thin layer of peptidoglycan.

Back 61

Gram-negative

Front 62

Bacteria can be categorized according to gram stain
Organisms that stain purple = gram positive
Gram positive organisms have thicker outer cell capsule
Organisms that stain red = gram-negative
Gram negative have a two cell membranes

Back 62

gram stain

Front 63

Gram positive organisms have thicker outer cell capsule made of Peptidoglycan
Gram negative organisms have a cell wall that is more complex with two cell membranes, making it more difficult to treat

Back 63

wall structure and gram stain

Front 64

Staphylococci
Inhabit most peoples skin
Cause local topical infections (impetigo, acne)
Streptococci
Pneumonia
“Strep throat”
Treat with penicillin-like medications - inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan wall

Back 64

gram stain

Front 65

p wave

Back 65

atrial depolarization-

Front 66

QRS

Back 66

ventricular depolarization

Front 67

T wave

Back 67

when ventricles relax