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33 Cards in this Set
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Muckrakers
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Journalists who described the social and economic injustices in national magazines; term coined by TR; exposed societal problems to a wide audience
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Upton Sinclair
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Most famous muckraker; radical novelist; "The Jungle" in 1905-06 about the meat-packing industry; novel prompted the creation of the FDA (Food and Drug Administration); in the novel Sinclair advocated socialism as a solution, but most readers missed tihs point; 1934 Democratic Party nominee in CA with End of Poverty in California (EPIC) as a socialist
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New Freedom
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WW's platform for the 1912 presidential election; borrowed from Louis D. Brandeis's belief that concentrations of economic power threatened liberty; WW said regulatory agenices would be controlled by industries; WW wanted to use Washington's limited powers to break up lg. corps. and promote free competition; passed Underwood Tariff Act to reduce import tax; Clayton Anti-Trust Act; Federal Trade Commission to investigate corporate operations and unfair business practicesm; Federal Reserve Act; "regarded executive power as the steward of the public welfare"; in office leaned toward TR's perspective that economic concentrations of power were inevitable
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Open Door Notes
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Sent by Secretary of State Hayes to major world powers to propose that China remain uncolonized to provide economic opportunity for all; U.S. could not just enact because it didn't have enough economic power yet; suggested each nation would be allowed a sphere of influence in a section of China where trade would be limited to that sphere; nations accepted fearing that other countries might view them as aggressive and seeking to overhaul China for colonization
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Panama Canal
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U.S. had originally chosen Nicaragua; chose Panama for a 99 year yearse on a 6-mile-wide zone for an initial payment of $10 million and $250,000 annually thereafter; Columbian Senate rejected treaty asking for an initial $15 million; Panama revolted and accepted the proposal for the initial offer for a 10-mile-strip; U.S. was successful, unlike the french, because they drained the swamps where mosquitos bred causing Yellow Fever; technology also made building possible whereas ithadn't been for the French; U.S. turned control over to Panama in 2000 with stipulation that if the panama was in danger the U.S. could defend it
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Roosevelt Corollary
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1893; asserted America's right to intervene in any situation that threatened the order and stability of the Caribbean; marked a historic break from the Monroe Doctrine; guided American policy until the 1930s Good Neighbor Policy instituted by FDR
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14 Points
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WW's postwar settlement proposal based on moral principle proposing self-determination,freedom of seas, open covenants, free trade, reduced military spendings, and the creation of the League of Nations to make the world safe for democracy; prompted the 14 Reservations made by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Mass. stating the League charter was not in the U.S.'s best interest; Versailles Treaty was ultimately a compromise of the 14 Points still allowing imperialism
5 broad points of 14 Points: 1. Open Diplomacy 2. Open Seas 3. Reduce armaments manufacturing 4. Principles of Self-Determination 5. Call for general assembly of nations |
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Sacco and Vanzetti
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May 1920; represented attitude toward immigrants; robbery ending in payroll master's murder involving 4 Italian immigrants; first robbery in which a car was used for get away; police claimed 2 immigrants responsible for the holdup and murder; men were admitted anarchist; during trial could not defend themselves because they could not speak English; significant because men were convicted for their beliefs, not their crime; both sentenced to death in electric chair; example of Red Scare, fear of foreignors, and social tensions of the 1920s
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KKK
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The original KKK formed after the Civil War to maintain the Southern social order; membership weakened and then exploded, especially with women during the 1920s due to fear of change, especially because of the influex of immigrants; originally the KKK tried to control freed slaves; made socially acceptable by fashioning itself as a middle the 1920s KKK expanded hatred to anyone who wasn't American born, white, and Protestant including Jews and Catholics; the KKK moved out of the Souther, especially to Indianan and Oregon; considered themselves "moral protectors"; downfall in late 1920s to 1930s because of internal power struggles and scandals
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Scopes Trial
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1925 Dalton, TN; a.k.a. Monkey Trial; John Scopes was a teacher; Clarence Darrow was the best known defense lawyer; H.L. Mencker was a columnist; Bryan argued it was better to know God than science but under cross-examination admitted "religious dogma" was open to multiple interpretations- many Americans saw this as the triumph of science of religion; according to a 1920 census the U.S. was an urban country; 51% of the country throught cities fostered vice, especially because a lack of religious involvement; trial more concerned with changing values and nature of society than evolution; fundamentalism was spreading across the U.S.; Protestants were divided into 2 groups: fundamentalism and modernism; modernists felt religion in the U.S. should be adopted to new society, primarily lived in the city; Fundamentalists insisted on literal Bible translations, wanted to prevent teaching of Darwinism, rejected science; the state of Tennesse had passed a law out-lawing the teaching of any story contradciting the teaching of any story that contradicted creationism; Clarence Darrow was the most successful defense lawyer in the United States
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SEC
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Securities and Exchange Comission; created of Federal Securities Act requiring issures of securities to provide full public disclosure
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Public Works Administration
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Appropriate $3.5 billion for public large scale construction programs; impact limited by penny-pinching head Internal Secretary Harold Ickes who wanted to no corruption in his program; much of the money spent on waatersystems like the New York Port Authority which was a coalition of 3 states; construced the LincolnTunnel from New Jersey to New York City; began to chart urban highways, bridges, hospitals, and schools
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Harry Hopkins
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Directed Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA); former social workers; FERA received $500 million to state and local governments; Hopkins distributed $250 million at his discretion based on "need"; distributed over %5 milion during his first 2 hours in office; Hopkins had to rely on state and country officials to screen applicants and distribute benefits; convinced TR to create the Civil Works Administration (CWA); within a month he had 2.6 million people on payroll building roads,schools, and outdoor privies
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TVA
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Tennessee Valley Authority- primary goal to provide public electric power, control flooding, soil conservation, forest conservation, improvement of river navigation andtributary navigation; worked with the CCC to create recreational areas; electricity provided by the TWA competedwith private utilities and pressured them to reduce prives; all $1 billion invested in the program was recovered in electricity payments, rec. fees; unanticipated benefit was it provided power to the area where the atom bomb would be built; spent billions of federal dollars to construct dams for flood control and hydroelectric power for poorest parts of the nation; provided power to farms and made industrialization possible in the region; reclaimed and reforested lands to fight soil erosion; very popular program
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AAA
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Agicultural Adjustment Act- 1933; goal to balance production and consumption of agricultural products to make prices rise with an articifical shortage; FDR approached the problem from the supply side; tried to lessen farmer's debts; law provided farmers with subsidides for letting acreage lie fallow and shifting its use to nonsurplus crop; created "commodity loan" program to keep crops that had already been harvested from reaching the market; passed by FDR's administration so farmers would stop overproducing driving prices even lower; meant to revivethe economy; took 30 million acres out of production and gave over $1.1 billion in subsidies; provoked anger but the policies worked; FDR let farmers decide which landes to leave fallow so many African-American's no longer had land for sharecropping
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War Industries Board
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Set up in 1917 to coordinate nation's war economy; led by Bernard Barch- made purchases of supplies, allocated supplied, fixed prices to control inflation, graduated income tax
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Brain Trust
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FDR's advisors, mostly individuals from universities (many from Columbia law) including:
-Raymond Moley (coroprate law expert- Columbia law) -A. A. Berk- tax structure expert -Tugwell- professor of Columbia law; many people attirbute Social Security to him -Rosenman- FDR's speechwriter; articulated New Deal spicifications into language common people could understand |
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Milo Reno
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Organized a farm strike with Farm Holiday Assoation- blocked roads from farms to cities to drive farm's product prices up
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NIRA
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National Industrial Recovery Act- First step in FDR's industrical recovery plans; setp up the NRA (National Recovery Administration) as a planning agency; under NRA supervision competing businesses with an industry met with union leaders and consumer groups to draft codes of fair competition that limited production and stabilized prices; Section 7a guaranteed worker's rights to join unions and engage in collective bargaining; it established a minimum wage and maximum hours for workers
Problems with the NRA: largest producers dominating code-making bodies; developing code for almost every industry was overwhelming; bureaucratic giant; many businesses ignored or evaded the codes; prohibited child labor |
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AAA
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Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)- law provided farmers with subsidies for letting acreage lie fallow and shirting its use to nonsurplus crop to create an artifical crop shortage to raise prices; created a "commodity loan" program to keep crops that had already been harvested from reaching the market; goal to lessen farmer's debts, balance productivity and compensation to make prices rise; FDR approached the problem from the production side; not a popular program to destroy food while people were starving
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Harry Hopkins
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Logistics coordinator for FERA; organized plans in short time periods across the United States including FERA, an immediate relief program which gave direct payments to people for food; FERA was allocated $500 million to state and local governments for needy families; $250 million of this went to Hopkins for distribution; also headed the CWA (Civil Works Administration), a proram that coupled relief and work; put 2.6 million on payroll to refurbish roads, schools, outdoor privies; also hired actors, librarians, historians, etc.; organized the CCC
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CCC
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Civilian Conservation Corps; most popular New Deal program to provide the unemployed with work in national forests and parks; provided 2 million men jobs (few women) each paid #30 monthly, $20 of which was sent home to the families to be spent to generate the economy; established camps in every state for young men; workers were only supposed to join once for a 6 month period but many joined several times in diffferent states; administered by the Army but specifically not associated with the military to avoid looking like Hitler's Youth; planted over 1 million trees; many men learned skills like reading and writing because they were required to write home weekly; helped reduce regionalism by introducing kids to different parts of the country, or at least people from different parts of the country
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FDIC
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Federal Deposit Insurance Commision- created by the Glass-Steagall Banking Act; insured banks who met federal regulations for up to $10,000 an account; assauged public fears
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Francis E. Townsend
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Retired dentist who proposed compulsive retirement for everyone sixty and over who would then receive $200 monthly to spend the month they got it; a "transaction tax", or sales tax, would pay for pensions; Townsend said this program would provide for the eldery as well as pump purchasing power into the economy; when it reached the house it had 20 million signatures; Townsend clubs were created; some hisotrians argue that Social Security came about because of Townsend's influence
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WPA
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Biggest program of the 2nd New Deal; nation's biggest employer with 3 million employees yearly and 8.5 million in the 8 yar life of the program; paid out $11 billion; built roads, public buildings, parks, bridges; partially due to encouragement from Eleanor Roosevelt, the WPA also hired artists, musicians, and writers
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Huey Long
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Governor from Louisiana who challenged FDR from the left; claimed the New Deal didn't go far enough; built a powerful political machine, dominated the Louisiana legislature, and restricted the press; Share Our Wealth proposed using government tax power to confiscate incomes over $1 million and estates over $5 million- the extra money would go to farmers and individual workers, including $5000 to each family for a home, $2000 annual income, free college for kids, radios, etc.; had 27,000 clubs with 4.7 million members; popular with the middle-class and populist; movement disintegrated following Long's assassination in 1935, before he was to challenge FDR for the presidency
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Nye Committee
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Concluded that bankers who had lent the Allies moneys were "merchants of death" along with those who had sold them ammo; World War Onehad been a conspiracy to take the country to war "for the sake of profits, for dollars"; 60% of Americans believed that U.S. involvement in WWI was a mistake
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Jacob Coxley
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Wealthy quarry owner from Ohio who called for government aid to the unemployed; confronted politicians in Washington with the Army of the Commonweal of Christ which marched from Ohio with 5,000 unemployed men; Coxley and his followers planned to present gov. leaders with a public works program of road building; press covered the march like it was a foreign invasion, stirring fears of labor unrest; Coxley was arrested for trespassing when he reached Washington D.C.
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HOLC
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Home Owners Loan Corporation- provided upons of up to $14,000 at 5% interest; by end of FRD's first term, the HOLC had made more than 3 million loans totaling $3 billion
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Hepburn Act
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Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (1906)- authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to set aside railroad rates on the complaint of a shipper and to establish lower rates
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FTC
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Federal Trade Commission- created by Congress in 1914 with the authority to investigate corporate operations and outlaw unfair practices; in 1925 William Humphrey was appointed to head the FTC by Calvin Coolidge; big business seized control of the agency; Humphrey used the organization to help businessmen set prices and limit production costs
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Jane Addams
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Argued that government power could expand individual opportunity by taming the excess of industrialism; member of the Anti-Imperialist League; formed the Women's Peace Party on a platform for "human beings and the mother half of humanity" should have a say in national affairs; admired the efficency of trusts, but did not like them as opressive insitutions; Hull House- used her position on state boards ocharity and local welfare agencies to create the scaffolding of the modern welfare states; along with other progressive women helped to pass legislation to provide a monthly stipend to single mothers
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Harlem Renaissance
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black artists gathered in Harlem to write, paint, and perform to give expression to the pain of racism and to examine the meaning of being black in America; questions of black identity were at the heart of most works; discrepencies over whether to emphasize the similarities or differences between blacks and whites- most tried to build on the distiveness of the black experience in America; base of literary renassiance; Langston Hughes, poet; the person who did the most to publicize the movement was Aline Locke, a Harvard graduate and Rhodes scholar; jazz musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington played there;
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