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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gregor Mendel |
Pea plants: discrete and discontinuous a single pea plant has male and female reproductive organs |
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Discontinuous vs Continuous |
tall or short vs an infinite range of heights |
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Meiosis |
process where chromosomes split and find another to attach themselves with during sexual reproduction |
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Principle of Individual Assortment |
inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another i.e. a pea plant can be tall and purple or tall and white; the height does not affect the color |
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Which is dominant and which is recessive? T=tall and t=short |
T=dominant t=recessive |
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Phenotype & Phenotype Ratio |
3:1 Definition: what does it look like? i.e. tall/short |
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Genotype & Genotype Ratio |
1:2:1 Definition: TT, tt, Tt two alleles create a genotype |
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Homozygous Dominant |
Homozygous: having the same alleles i.e. TT |
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Homozygous Recessive |
Homozygous: having the same alleles i.e. tt |
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Heterozygous |
having different alleles Tt |
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Genes |
portion of DNA that make proteins which influence our physical traits |
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Locus |
location of a gene on a chromosome |
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Alleles |
alternate form of DNA sequence at locus i.e. tall and short are two different alleles |
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Gametes |
sex cells (sperm and egg) |
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Zygote |
egg fertilized by sperm |
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Blood Types: What are the phenotypes, alleles, and genotype? |
Phenotype: A, B, O, AB Alleles: A, B, O Genotype: AA, AO, BB, BO, OO, AB A and B are dominant over O A and B are co-dominant |
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Polygenic/Continuous Trait |
two or more genes affect a trait |
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Somatic Cells |
body cells |
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DNA Bases |
adenine (A) and thymine (T) bond together cytosine (C) and guanine (G) bond together |
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DNA Sequence |
a combination of bases i.e. ACTGCAATGC would pair with TGACGTTACG |
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Chromosomes |
wound up DNA |
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Proteins |
large organic compounds that are composed of amino acids |
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Amino Acids |
molecules which are the building blocks of all proteins each triplet of bases (ATGC) codes for one amino acid this is called a Codon *see codon flashcard 20 different amino acids (do NOT need to have them memorized for the test) |
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RNA (Ribonucelic Acid) |
switch base Thymine (T) to Uracil (U) tRNA= transfer RNA mRNA= messenger RNA |
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Codon |
a set of three bases *see Amino Acid flashcard ribosomes read a codon at a time |
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Template Strand |
DNA RNA T - A U - A A - T \ A - U C - G \ C - G G - C / G - C C - G / C - G C - G C - G *bolded bases are the template strand |
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DNA to mRNA to tRNA to Amino Acids |
DNA: T C A G C C T A A mRNA: A G U C G G A U U tRNA: U C A G C C U A A amino acids: look at mRNA bases NOT tRNA |
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Haploid vs Diploid |
23 pairs (haploid) 46 chromosomes (diploid) |
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Karyotype |
an organized profile of a person's chromosomes chromosomes are arranged and numbered by size (largest to smallest) |
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How many chromosomes do you get from your parents? |
23 chromosomes from each parent = 46 *a person with Downs Syndrome has 47 |
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Reductive Division |
begin with 4 chromosomes in 1 cell end with 4 cells with 2 chromosomes when the sperm fertilizes the egg there is no need for 46 chromosomes in each, so there is a reduction so that a person has 46 total not 46 from each parent |
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Crossing Over |
exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring |
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Random Assortment |
chromosomes are randomly separated and paired |
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Mitosis vs Meiosis |
mitosis replicates meiosis splits |
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Genome |
the entire genetic makeup of an individual or species |
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Dr. Francis Collins |
led the Human Genome Project used genetic sequence to determine health risks he is an evangelical christian that believes in evolution as well as a musician and author |
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What are the epigenetic mechanisms for turning genes on and off? |
methylation is placing a chemical (methyl) tag on the C base; these 'molecular tags' turn genes on and off |
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Evolution (microevolution perspective) |
change in the frequency of a population's alleles over time |
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Population Genetics |
study of if, how, and why allele and genotype frequencies change from one generation to the next |
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Forces of Evolutionary Change |
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural (& sexual) selection |
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Mutation |
Definition: change in structure or amount of genetic material mutations that occur in gametes are inheritable can be good, bad, or neutral introduces new alleles into a population |
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Point Mutation |
change from one DNA base to another |
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Synonymous vs Nonsynonymous |
Synonymous does NOT alter your amino acid - aka 'Silent Mutation' Nonsynonymous DOES alter your amino acid |
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Hemoglobin |
protein on red blood cells that carries oxygen to different parts of the body normal hemoglobin: A mutated hemoglobin: S |
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Sickle Cell Anemia |
anemia: deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin more prominent in Africa and Middle East |
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Malaria |
-caused by a parasite called plasmodium -completes it's lifecycle in your liver -gets into & eventually explodes out of red blood cells -transmitted by mosquito -symptoms: fever, shivers, headaches, vomiting -Sickle Cell Anemia makes it harder to get Malaria because of the sickle shape of the blood cell |
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Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia Genotypes |
(A - normal & S - mutated) AA won't have SCA but more likely to get Malaria AS has mild SCA but less likely to get Malaria SS has full blown SCA but least likely to get Malaria |
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Frameshift Mutation |
caused by insertion or deletion of DNA bases |
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Trisomy 21 |
most common form of Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome number 21 |
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Gene Flow |
movement of genes from one population to another
reduces genetic differentiation and introduces new alleles into a population |
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Genetic Drift |
changes in allele frequencies due to random factors this change is felt more in a smaller population |
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The Founder Effect |
person or small group that have a lot of descendants, and they pass their alleles to their offspring rare alleles can become prevalent due to disproportionate frequencies in an initial breeding population |
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Bottleneck Effect |
i.e. northern elephant seals were hunted so drastically that their entire population today comes from a stock of about 20 |
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Biological Species Concept (BSC) |
species are members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature not according to similarity of appearance (i.e. ape vs monkey) |
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Allopatric Species |
new species form due to geographic location cannot use the biological species concept i.e. Mandrill and Drill are separated by a river in Cameroon |
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Allopatry vs Sympatry |
Allopatry: populations living in different locations Sympatry: populations living in the same location |
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Microevolution vs Macroevolution |
Micro: evolution occurring below the species level and usually takes a much shorter time -change in a population of a species Macro: evolution that results in the production or destruction of a species and usually takes a much longer time -origin and extinction of a species |
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What evolutionary forces can help create new species? |
natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation *gene flow is NOT on the list because it makes the species more similar |
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Adaptive Radiation |
rapid evolutionary change through: -extinction of competitors i.e. dinosaurs -colonization of area where no competitors are found i.e. finches and lemurs -adaptive 'breakthroughs' i.e. incubated egg |
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Carolus Linnaeus |
binomial nomenclature |
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Taxonomy |
science of finding, describing, naming, and classifying organisms |
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What Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, and Order do Homosapiens fit in? |
Kingdom: animalia Phylum: chordata Subphylum: vertebrata Class: mammalia Order: primates |
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Phylogenetics |
the study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms |
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Cladistics |
Goal: to determine the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on characteristics shared between organisms that share a common ancestor |
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Convergent Evolution |
traits shared between organisms due to similar use but do not have a common ancestry |
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Maria Concepcion Soto |
'founder' of the Huntington's Disease in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela an example of the Founder's Effect |
