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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Renaissance
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1450–1600, the style period characterized by "rebirth" of the arts of antiquity, but also by increasing secularism and humanism
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Mass
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a sacred vocal genre based on the five texts of the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Mass
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paraphrase Mass
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a Renaissance technique of Mass composition based on paraphrasing a pre-existing melody in all four voice parts
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chanson
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a secular, polyphonic Renaissance vocal genre in French
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Franco-Flemish school
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the group of the best-known composers of the High Renaissance, as represented by Josquin
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a cappella
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for unaccompanied voice(s), literally, for the chapel
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declamation
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setting a text so that the words can be understood
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word painting
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setting text so that the meaning of particular words and phrases is highlighted
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Council of Trent
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meeting of the Counter Reformation, mythically might have abolished polyphony if not for Palestrina!
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madrigal
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madrigal
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paired dances
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two contrasting Renaissance dances played successively as a set
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pavane and galliard
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typical example of paired dances: in contrasting meter and tempo
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Protestant Reformation
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several break-aways from the control of Rome in the Western Christian church, early to mid 1500s (see Martin Luther)
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sackbut
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Renaissance precursor to the trombone
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shawm
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Renaissance double-reed instrument, loud!
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viol
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family of bowed strings with frets that died out during the Baroque period
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recorder
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family of end-blown (whistle) flutes that flourished during the Middle Ages, Renaissance and early Baroque
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consort
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any family of instruments (Renaissance term, usually)
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Baroque
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1600-1750 musical style period characterized by florid improvisation and the use of basso continuo; word means mis-shapen, grotesque, as applied to pearls
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Florentine Camerata
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group of citizens of Florence who invented early opera in their search to replace the madrigal
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basso continuo
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1) the bass line and the accompanying chords in Baroque music, 2) the instruments/players who "realize" (perform) the basso continuo part: a melodic bass instrument (cello) and a harmonic instrument (harpsichord)
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figured bass
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the notation for the basso continuo
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affections or affect
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the Baroque concept that a single movement of a piece of music or a song should present one consistent emotion
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suite
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an instrumental genre whose movements (indeterminate in number) usually consist of stylized dances
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trio sonata
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four-movement genre for two melody instruments and basso continuo whose movements are conceived as affects
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fugue
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single-movement genre characterized by strict, regulated use of imitative polyphony, usually instrumental, also used to denote the form of this single-movement genre
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motet
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single-movement, sacred choral genre from the Renaissance on, in Latin
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recitative
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unmetered, lightly accompanied section of solo singing in opera, oratorio and cantata, where forward motion of the drama occurs, no repetition of text
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aria
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metered, orchestrally-accompanied section of solo singing in opera, oratorio and cantata, where character reflects on his/her emotional state; tuneful, repetitive
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Orrfeo
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first successful opera, by Monteverdi; a libretto, used by several of the earliest composers of opera, about the mythic singer-poet who rescues his wife from death, temporarily
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monody
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genre of solo singing with instrumental accompaniment invented by the Florentine Camerata to replace the madrigal
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opera seria
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serious opera of the late Baroque, reflecting the taste of the general public with castrato roles, da capo arias, lots of coloratura, and elaborate staging
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castrato
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male opera singer surgically altered to retain his high range
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coloratura
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vocal ornamentation of a simpler melodic line, written or improvised, typical of opera
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libretto
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the "book" or text of an opera
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da capo aria
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ABA' form aria in which singer adds ornamentation to make A'
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concerto grosso
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three-movement instrumental genre for two or more soloists against an orchestra
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ritornello form
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typical form of the first movement of a Baroque concerto: orchestral theme opens, returns, and closes, while soloist(s) provide interludes
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cadenza
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elaboration, traditionally improvised, of the last most significant cadence of a movement, usually reserved for soloists in concertos
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simple binary form
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from the form of most Baroque dances, a two-part form in which each section is repeated, with typical harmonic movement from tonic to dominant followed by dominant to tonic
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terraced dynamics
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Baroque concept of dynamics that alternate loud and soft in large sections
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harpsichord
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Baroque keyboard instrument with plucked strings
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oratorio
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multi-movement religious vocal genre, unstaged, in the musical style of opera but with expanded use of chorus
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church cantata
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multi-movement sacred vocal genre typically used in Lutheran church and based on pre-existing chorale tunes
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chorale
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German for hymn, a one-movement vocal genre created as a monophonic, congregational work for Lutheran church
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Viennese Classicism
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1750-1825, a cosmopolitan age for light, entertaining music dominated by the Viennese style, opera, the rise of the symphony and public concerts, and absolute musical forms
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Hapsburg Empire
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the Austrian-Hungarian Empire ruled by the Hapsburg family for hundreds of years, but interesting for us during the late 18 century
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Enlightenment
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a mostly French philosophical movement that influenced rulers such as Joseph II of Vienna to reform society by opening up education and the press and liberating the peasants
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sonata form
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typical first-movement form in many instrumental works from 1750 on, resulted from expansion of simple binary to long, complicated thematic struggle between tonic and related key (usually dominant)
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exposition, development, and recapitulation
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the three major sections of sonata form
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minuet and trio form
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typical third movement of a symphony or chamber music, holdover from Baroque dance suite, in /:a:/:b:/:c:/:d:/ab form, and triple meter
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rondo form
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typical last movement form for instrumental genres of V.C. characterized by opening, returning, and concluding memorable theme, alternating with episodes that leave the tonic key
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theme and variations forms
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beloved form beginning in V.C. in which a simple binary form theme is repeated structurally many times while its melodic and rhythmic features are varied; often used in slow second movements
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symphony
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standard four-movement genre for orchestra beginning in V.C., with typical tempi and forms for each of the four movements
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opera buffa
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new opera of V.C. reflecting ideals of Enlightenment and challenging the old opera seria: bass roles, not castrati; real people, not myths and heros; dynamic, forward-moving ensembles, not da capo arias
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ensemble (ensemble finale)
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section of opera buffa where two or more characters sing in aria style, but move the action forward and/or express changing, conflicting emotions
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Kochel numbers
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system given by Köchel to organize Mozart's 600+ compositions into chronological order
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string quartet
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most typical chamber music ensemble of V.C. and later–-two violins, viola and cello; also the genre/composition written for the string quartet (same movement structure as symphony)
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piano trio
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second most typical chamber music ensemble of V.C. and later–piano, violin, cello, and the genre name for compositions written for this ensemble
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