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87 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

matter

-organisms are composed of matter


-matter is anything that takes up space and has mass


-matter is made up of elements in pure form and in compound form

element

-what matter is made up of


-substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

compound

substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

essential elements

-elements an organism needs to live and reproduce


- only 20-20% of elements are essential elements


-96% of living matter is made up of C,H,O,N


-remaining 4% is Ca,P,K,S

trace elements

- elements required by organism to live in minute quantities


-iron is a trace element needed by all forms of life


-other trace elements are only required for certain species

atom

- smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element


-atoms are composed of subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, electrons



neutrons

-no electrical charge


-in nucleus

protons

-positive charge
-in nucleus

electrons

negative charge
-surround nucleus in electron cloud
-attraction between opposite charges keep e- in vicinity of nucleus

atomic nucleus

made up of protons and neutrons

daltons

-unit used to measure mass of atoms and subatomic particles
-neutrons and protons have masses close to 1 dalton
-dalton is the same as atomic mass unit

atomic number

-# of protons in nucleus
-written as a subscript to the left of symbol

mass number

-sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus

-written as superscript to the left of element symbol

atomic mass

-atoms total mass, can be approximated by the mass #

isotopes and radioactive isotopes

-two atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons
- decay spontaneously and leads to a change in the # of protons which transforms atom into an atom of a different element

energy

-capacity to cause change by doing work


-



potential energy

-energy that matter has because of its location

electron shell

-an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom

valence electrons

e- in outermost shell of an atom

orbitals

three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

chemical bonds

interactions that result in atoms staying close together

covalent bonds

bond that involves the sharing of valence electrons by two atoms

molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent

single bond

-sharing of one pair of valence e-

double bond

-sharing of two pairs of valence e-

structural formula

notation used to represent atoms and bonding

molecular formula

abbreviated form

electronegativity

an atoms attraction for the e- in a covalent bond

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

ionic bond and ionic compounds

-attraction between an anion and a cation


-compounds formed by ionic bonds

hydrogen bond

forms when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom. the attraction between the hydrogen and electronegative atom is a hydrogen bond

reactants

starting molecules of chem reaction

products

final molecules of a chem reaction

chemical equilibrium

reached when the forward reaction and reverse reaction occur at the same time


relative concentrations of reactants and products dont change

nonpolar covalent bond

atoms share the electrons equally

polar covalent bond

one atom is more electronegative, the atoms do not share the electrons equally

ion

charged atom or molecule

van der waals interactions

attractions between molecules that are close together

water

molecule that supports all life

adhesion

attraction between different substances, helps transport water in plants

surface tension

a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid, water has a high surface tension

kinetic energy

the energy of motion. anything that moves has kinetic energy

specific heat

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius

solution

liquid that is a complete homogeneous homogeneous mixture of substances

solvent

the dissolving agent of a solution

solute

substance that is dissolved

aqueous solution

solution where water is a solvent

hydrophillic

any substance that has an affinity for water

hydrophobic

any substance that repels water. substances that are nonionic and nonpolar like oil

molecular mass

sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule

mole

number of molecules usually measured in mols.
1 mol=6.02X10^23 molecules (daltons)

molarity

number of mols of solute per liter of solution (mol/L)

hydrogen ion

its a single proton. the hydrogen atom thats transferred to another water molecule

hydroxide ion

the water molecule that lost the proton

hydronium ion

water molecule the hydrogen transferred to. the water molecule with the extra proton. often represented as H+

acid

any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

base

any substance that decreases the H+ concentration of a solution

ph

scale used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is.


acidic- ph less than 7


neutral- has ph of 7


basic-ph greater than 7

four properties of water

1. cohesive behavior


2. ability to moderate temperature


3. expansion upon freezing


4. versatility as a solvent

hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

structural isomers

have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.

cis-trans isomers

cis- atoms connected to carbon on same side
trans- atoms connected to carbon on different sides

functional groups

the chemical groups directly involved in chemical reactions

what is ATP?

adenosine triphosphate. an organic phosphate used as a source of energy for cellular processes.

carbohydrates

serve as fuel and building material for cells. made up of sugars and the polymers of sugars

monosacchrides

simplest carbohydrates

disaccharides

forms when dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

polysaccharides

the polymers of sugars. have storage and structural roles

phospholipids

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a gylercol. major component of cell membranes

steriods

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

catalysts

chemical agents that speed up reactions

amino acids

organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups

DNA

type of nucleic acid. deoxyribonucleic acid. has a shape of a double stranded helix

RNA

type of nucleic acid. ribonucleic acid. single stranded. variable forms

proteins

biological functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides

gene expression

the process of DNA synthesizing proteins

nucleotides

the monomers of nucleic acids. composed of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

What is a chemical reaction? Why is a chemical reaction important?

Its the making and breaking of chemical bonds. This leads to changes in the composition of matter

Draw hydroxyl group.

Draw a carbonyl group

Draw a carboxyl group

Draw an amino group

Draw a sulfhydryl group

Draw a phosphate group

Draw a methyl group

What are the four classes of macromolecules. What are they used for?

Carbohydrates - serve as fuel and building material



Lipids- has phospholipids which are important for cell membranes



Proteins- variety of functions like enzymes, hormones, receptor, motor, and defense



Nucleic acid- store, transmit, and express hereditary information