Test 1 Review - World History I: From The Beginning To 1500

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Aryans: The Early Aryans

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Depended heavily on a pastoral economy

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Aryans: The Early Aryans

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No writing system, but had orally transmitted works called the Vedas

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Aryans: The Early Aryans

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Sacred language (Sanskrit) and daily-use language (Prakit)

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Aryans: The Vedic Age: 1500-500 B.C.E.

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A boisterous period; conflicts with indigenous peoples

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Aryans: The Vedic Age: 1500-500 B.C.E.

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Called indigenous people dasas--"enemies" or "subject people"

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Aryans: The Vedic Age: 1500-500 B.C.E.

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Indra, the Aryans' war god and military hero

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Aryans: The Vedic Age: 1500-500 B.C.E.

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Aryan chiefdoms fought ferociously among themselves

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Aryans: The Vedic Age: 1500-500 B.C.E.

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Most chiefdoms had leader raja, king

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Aryans: Aryan migrations in India: first Punjab and by 500 B.C.E. in northern Deccan

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Used iron tools and developed agriculture

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Aryans: Aryan migrations in India: first Punjab and by 500 B.C.E. in northern Deccan

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Lost tribal organizations but established regional kingdoms

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Aryans - Origins of the caste system: Caste and Varna

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The meaning of caste: hereditary, unchangeable social classes

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Aryans - Origins of the caste system: Caste and Varna

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The Sanskrit word varna, "color," refers to social classes

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Aryans - Origins of the caste system: Social distinctions in the late Vedic Age

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Four main varnas, recognized after 1000 B.C.E.: brahmins (priests), kshatriyas (warriors and aristocrats), vaishyas (cultivators, artisans, and merchants), shudras (landless peasants and serfs)

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Aryans - Origins of the caste system: Social distinctions in the late Vedic Age

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Later the category of the untouchables was added

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Aryans - Origins of the caste system: Subcaste, or jati

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Represented more elaborate scheme of social classification; developed after the sixth century B.C.E.

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Aryans - Origins of the caste system: Subcaste, or jati

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Jati, or subcastes, were determined by occupations

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Aryans - Origins of the caste system: Subcaste, or jati

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Elaborate rules of jati life: eating, communication, behavior

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Aryans - Origins of the caste system: In caste system, social mobility difficult but still possible

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Usually a result of group, not individual, effort

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Aryans - Origins of the caste system: In caste system, social mobility difficult but still possible

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Foreign peoples could find a place in society of the castes

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Aryans - Development of patriarchal society

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Patriarchal and patrilineal society

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Aryans - Development of patriarchal society: The Lawbook of Manu

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Prepared by an anonymous sage, first century B.C.E.

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Aryans - Development of patriarchal society: The Lawbook of Manu

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Dealt with moral behavior and social relationships

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Aryans - Development of patriarchal society: The Lawbook of Manu

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Advised men to treat women with honor and respect

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Aryans - Development of patriarchal society: The Lawbook of Manu

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Subjected women to the control and guidance of men

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Aryans - Development of patriarchal society: The Lawbook of Manu

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Women's duties: to bear children and maintain the household

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Aryans - Development of patriarchal society

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Sati, social custom in which widow throws self on funeral pyre

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Aryan - Religion in the Vedic Age: Aryan Religion: Aryan gods

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War god, Indra

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Aryan - Religion in the Vedic Age: Aryan Religion: Aryan gods

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Gods of the sun, the sky, the moon, fire, health, disease

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Aryan - Religion in the Vedic Age: Aryan Religion: Aryan gods

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God Varuna: ethical concern, cosmic order

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Aryan - Religion in the Vedic Age: Aryan religion: Spirituality underwent a shift after about 800 B.C.E.

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Thoughtful individuals retreated to forests as hermits

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Aryan - Religion in the Vedic Age: Aryan religion: Spirituality underwent a shift after about 800 B.C.E.

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Dravidian notions of transmigration and reincarnation were adapted

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: The Upanishads, works of religious teachings (800-400 B.C.E.)

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The religious forums: dialogues between disciples and sages

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: The Upanishads, works of religious teachings (800-400 B.C.E.)

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Brahman: the universal soul

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: The Upanishads, works of religious teachings (800-400 B.C.E.)

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Highest goal: to escape reincarnation and join with Brahman

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: The Upanishads, works of religious teachings (800-400 B.C.E.)

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Samsara: an individual soul was born many times

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: The Upanishads, works of religious teachings (800-400 B.C.E.)

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Karma: specific incarnations that a soul experienced

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: The Upanishads, works of religious teachings (800-400 B.C.E.)

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Moksha: permanent liberation from physical incarnation

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: Religion and Vedic society

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Samsara and karma reinforced caste and social hierarchy

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: Religion and Vedic society

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Upanishads were also spiritual and intellectual contemplations

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: Religion and Vedic society

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Taught to observe high ethical standards: discourage greed, envy, vice

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Aryan - The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values: Religion and Vedic society

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Respect for all living things, a vegetarian diet