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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PROKARYOTIC CELLS |
Simple cells; Ex: bacterias Kingdom- Archeabacteria: (400 hundred million yrs ago) "extremophiles" Kingdom- Monera: "Most bacterias" & cyanobacteria which is Blue/Green Algae |
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS |
Complex cells, 1 &1/2 billion yrs ago Kingdom- Protista; ameba & Parmecium
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EUKARYOITC MULTICELLULAR |
Have 3 Kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia &, Fungi Plantae: Producer; take water carbon dioxide & sugar and convert into food. Animalia: Consumers; take sugar in the presence of oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. Fungi: Decomposers; important to keep cycles going. Ex: Mushrooms |
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MATTER- WEIGHT- MASS- |
Has Mass and takes up space. Force of gravity. Number of molecules. |
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ELEMENT |
Pure substance that cannot be broken by chemical mean. -created in stars; 96% made of C, H, O, & N -nuclear reaction are the only way change/make elements. -14.2 million yrs Hydrogen was created in the BigBang & some Helium.
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ATOM |
Smallest amount of matter. - made of Protons, Nuetrons &, Electrons. Electrons: maded around the nucleus and the nucleus is made up of prtons and nuetrons. |
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PROTONS: NUETRONS: ELECTRONS: |
-Positively Charged w/ Atomic weight of 1 = "1DALTON" -Has a charge of Zero = 1DALTON -Negatively Charged = Very Low Mass |
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ATOMIC NUMBER |
-number of protons in nucleus -unique for each number -cannot change -subscript to the left of the symbol |
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ATOMIC MASS |
Mass of an Atom Protons & Neutrons |
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ISOTOPES |
C- 6P +6N =12 "Atomic Mass" C- 6P +7N =13 " " C- 6P +8N =14 " " < RADIOACTIVE> |
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CATION- ANION- MOLECULES- |
Atom/Molecule that has a positive charge."loses electrons' Atom/Molecule that has a negative charge." gains electrons" 2 atoms or more coming together to form a chemical bond. |
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OCTECT RULE |
Energy Levels/shells: N-1= 2 Electrons 2-4= 8 Electrons -outter shell called "valence" & has to be filled Chemistry- ele trons moving b/w valence shell atoms/molecules. |
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H H O V ^ H O H H H H >O Na O< Cl >O H O H H H H ^ v H H O Na2 & Cl2 "DEADLY" |
Chemisty: Movement of Electron to form or break bonds
A - B + C - D >>>> A - C + B - D ^ ^ Reactants Products
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Water is Electronegative & a POLAR MOLECULE: positive and negative b/w partcialy positive& particaly negative ends of molecules. "H- an ionic bond" |
70% of water in glass: hydrogen bond and lasts for 1 trillionth time of a second. FREEZING point Water id LESS dense "0 c 4 c water id MOST dense |
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WATER PROPERTIES |
-H Bonds:1. clings to polar molecules. " H2O makes you wet". the attraction b/w polar molecules in clothes and H-bonds in H2O is adhesion. ex: H2O on straw Cohension- attraction b/w similar substances w/ H-bonds. Ex: leafs on the surface. h-bonds pulling H2O in different directons;H2O high surface tension called the bilayer |
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2) Stone heat & Moderate temperatures:. freezing point- 81 & 32 F; melting point- 0 c 3) water is a good solvent- for Hydrophilic (likes H2O) "polar & charged" substances -solvent: water -soulte: sugar- polar molecule : salt- ionic molecule |
4) water organizes nonplolar "Hydrophobic" (Hates H2O) molecules: key of life in developing a membrane 5) water ionizes- basis for the pH scale. nuetral pH= 7.0
pH- measure the concetration of free H- ions in solution |
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CHEMICAL BONDS |
1)Ionic bonds (electrical charge)-when opposite charges attract weak bonds b/c it disolves H2O stores energy&, All ionic bonds work b/c can eat & disloves in H2O Na- sodium 11 protons > electrical nuetral Cl- chlorine 17 protons |
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2) Covalent Bonds- electron pair shared b/w atoms & molecules; valence shell share electrons store energy H - H single covalent H = H double covalent H = H triple covalent; "almost industriable" |
Pure H2O- # of hydrogen ions is = to the # of hydroxide ion.Ex H2O= H -HO - p+ H { life does better b/w 7 & 8} 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Acid - Base H-protons> than hydroxide is > than hydroxide H>OH H< OH Ex: orange& tomatoes Ex. Drano |
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CARBON |
4 valence electron & can form 4 covalent bonds /\/\/\/\/\= c-c-c-c-c
Fuctiona group- specific groups of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton
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1. hydroxly R- OH > hydroxide ion
2. carbonyl R-C-R
3. carboxyl R-C
4. amino R-N important for A.Acids |
5 sulfhydrly R-SH disulfide bridges
6 phosphate R-O-P-O energy
7 methyl R-CH |
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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES |
1) carbohydrates- "repeating subunit"- CHO 2) Protiens_ " " A.Acids; theres 20 polymers of A.Acids; several level structures 3) lipids- fats " " CH 4) Nucleic Acid" " nucleotides; theres 4 |
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POLYMER MONOMERS DEHYDRATION SYNTHESES |
Large molecules made of many identicle subunits Subunits Syntheses of a ploymer from monomers, loss of one H2O molecule per each bond formed |
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PRIMARY STRUCTURE |
specific A.Acid sequence; AA20- AA1- AA7- AA13-AA17 protiens. enzymes> biological catalysts speeds up chemical reaction Peptide- molecules of emotions; small chain of A.A " genes of a specific protien make you look like your dad/uncle etc. |
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SECOND STRUCTURE |
-Alpha Helix-~~~~~~ - Beta Pleated Sheet- /\/\/\/\/\/\ |
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TERIARY STRUCTURE QUATERNARY STRUCTURE DENATURE PROTIEN |
folding the primary structure Hemoglobin 3D changed; you destroy and the protien wont work anymore - |
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NUCLEIC ACIDS |
Information: DNA: 4 Nucleotides stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid deoysribos = sugar RNA: 4 Nucleotides stads for ribo nucleic acid ribose= sugar Both Dna & RNA are Polymers
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NITROGEN CONTAING BASES |
1) Purine Base- Adenine & Quanine (both RNA&DNA; Has Double Base
2)Pyrmidine Base- Cytocine & Thymine (DNA) Cytocine & Uarcil (RNA) - has single base |
