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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sample
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Set of actual observations; subset of the population
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Statistics
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Numerical values summarizing sample data
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Parameters
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Numerical values summarizing population data
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Random sample
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A sample in which each member of the population has an equal chance of inclusion
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Population
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Complete set of events in which you are interested
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Decision tree
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Graphical representation of decisions involved in the choice of statistical procedures
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Measurement data (quantitative data)
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Data obtained by measuring objects or events
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Categorical data (frequency data, count data)
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Data representing counts or number of observations in each category
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Measurement
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The assignment of numbers to objects
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Scales of measurement
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Characteristics of relations among numbers assigned to objects
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Nominal scale
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Numbers used only to distinguish among objects
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Ordinal scale
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Numbers used only to place objects in order
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Interval scale
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Scale on which equal intervals between objects represent equal differences--differences are meaningful
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Ratio scale
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A scale with a true zero point--ratios are meaningful
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Variable
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Properties of objects or events that can take on different values
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Discrete variables
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VAriables that take on a small set of possible values
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Continuous variables
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Variables that take on any value
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Independent variables
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Those variables controlled by the experimenter
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Dependent variables
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The variables being measured; the data or score
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Random assignment
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The allocation or assignment of participants to groups by a random process
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Sigma
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Symbol indicating summation
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Constant
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A number that does not change in value in a given situation.
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Frequency distribution
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A distribution in which the values of the dependent variable are tabled or plotted against their frequency of occurrence
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Stem
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Vertical axis of display containing the leading digits
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Trailing digits (less significant digits)
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Digits to the right of the leading digits
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Leaves
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Horizontal axis of display containing the trailing digits
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Stem-and-leaf display
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Graphical display presenting original data arranged into a histogram
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Exploratory data analysis (EDA)
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A set of techniques developed by Tukey for presenting data in visually meaningful ways
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Leading digits (most significant digits)
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Leftmost digits of a number
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Histogram
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Graph in which rectangles are used to represent frequencies of observations within each interval
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Real lower limit
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The point halfway between the bottom of one interval and the top of the one below it
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Real upper limit
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The point halfway between the top of one interval and the bottom of the next
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Midpoint
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Center of the interval; average of the upper and lower limits
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Outlier
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An extreme point that stand out from the rest of the distribution
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Line graph
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A graph in which the Y values corresponding to different values of X are connected by a line
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Bar graph
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A graph in which the frequency of occurrence of different values of X is presented by the height of a bar
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Symmetric
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Having the same shape on both sides of the center
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Bimodal
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A distribution having two distinct peaks
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Unimodal
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A distribution having one distinct peak
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Modality
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The number of meaningful peaks in a frequency distirbution of data
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Negatively skewed
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A distribution that trails off to the left
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Positively skewed
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A distribution that trails off to the right
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Skewness
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A measure of the degree to which a distribution is asymmetrical
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Depth
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Cumulative frequency counting in from the nearer end
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Mode (Mo)
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The most commonly occurring score
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Median (Med)
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The score corresponding to the point having 50% of the observations below it when observations are arranged in numberical order
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Median location
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The location of the median in an ordered series
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Mean (X)
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The sum of the scores divided by the number of scores
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