Terminology

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Adenosine Triphospate (ATP)

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A compound formed from ADP + P with energy released from Phosphocreatine (PC)

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Adrenaline

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A hormone released from the medulla of the adrenal glands and from sympathetic nerve endings,which prepares the body for fight or flight.

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Affinity

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attraction to liking; hemoglobin has an affinity for oxygen, with which it forms oxyhemoglobin

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Alkali (or base)

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A chemical which accepts hydrogen ions, this neutralizing acids. Have a ph greater than 7

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Amino Acids

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Organic acids containing nitrogen. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

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Anabolism

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that aspect of metabolism involved in the building up of complex substances from simpler substances. Requires energy in the form of ATP.

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Anaerobic exercise ( respiration)

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Exercise that demands more oxygen than can be supplied at the time , and which therefore results in the depletion of ATP-PC stores, and the incomplete oxidation of glucose with the accumaltion of latic acid

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Anaerobic Glycolysis

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The initial stages in the oxidative breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm of cells and muscle fibers.

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Anaerobic Threshold

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The " point " at which, during exercise, the oxygen supply becomes insufficient to maintain aerobic respiration, so that anaerobic respiration becomes predominant, which the accumulation of lactic acid in the blood.

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Autonomic

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Self-controlling; functionally independent of voluntary control

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Basal Metabolic Rate

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The rate of the metabolism, as measured by the energy output of an individual, while at rest in optimum conditions 12-18 hours after eating

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Buffering Capacity

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The capacity to prevent changes in pH

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Buffers

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Substances which can prevent rapid changes in pH within the body

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Chemoreceptors

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Receptors sensing changes in the chemical composition of body fluids e.g. blood glucose levels

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Coronary

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Relating to the blood vessels that supply the cardiac muscle of the heart wall

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Diastole

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Relaxation, as in relaxation of the ventricles

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Diffusion

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The net movement of gases or dissolved substances, as a result of their kinetic energy, from regions of their higher concentration to regions of their lower concentration

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Electrolytes

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Substances that dissociate into ions in solution.

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Endocrine glands

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Ductless glands that produce and release hormones directly into the blood, e.g. pituitary gland , adrenal gland , thyroid gland.

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Enzymes

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Complex proteins that are capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions w/o being changed themselves.

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Fatty acids

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Long chain organic acids which are one of the end products of the digestion of fats

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Glucose

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The simplest carbohydrate in the body a monosaccharide or single sugar.

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glycogen

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the form in which carbohydrate is stored in the body, mainly in the muscles and the liver, sometimes known as " animal starch"

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Glycolysis

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the first stages of cellular respiration

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Hemoglobin

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The iron-containing pigment in the red blood corpuscles (erythrocytes) that combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

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Homeostasis

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The maintenance of constant internal conditions ( mainly of the body fluids) in the face of changing activity and external conditions, to provide optimum conditions for enzyme activity of metabolism

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Hyperglycaemia

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Higher blood glucose level than normal

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Hypertrophy

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increase in the size and/or mass of cells and tissues , especially relating to muscle fibers.

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Hyperventilation

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An excessive increase in the rate of breathing, which causes a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, resulting in giddiness, cramps, convulsions, lowered blood pressure , and anxiety

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Hypoglycemia

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Lower blood glucose level than normal

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Hypothermia

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body temperature below normal

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Hypoxia

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Low oxygen in the inspired air

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Insulin

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Hormone secreted by patches of endocrine cells in the pancreas

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Lactic Acid ( lactate)

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Formed in exercising muscles under anaerobic conditions,It causes the muscular pain associated with intense exercise.

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Maximal Oxygen Consumption ( Vo2 max)

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The maximum amount of oxygen than an individual can consume in one minute

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Minerals ( inorganic ion, mineral salts,electrolytes)

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Chemically simple substances that are essential constituents of all cells.

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Osmosis

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The passage of water from regions of high water potential ( pure water or more dilute solutions) to regions of low water potential (more concentrated solutions, across a partially permeable membrane

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Parasympathetic nervous system

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The part of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system responsible for promoting normal relaxed functioning.

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pH

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A measure of acidity or alkalinity,pH 7 is neutral , increasing acidity is expressed as a number less than 7; increasing alkalinity as a number greater than 7. The normal pH of blood plasma is 7.35-7.45

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Proprioceptors

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Internal sensory organs found in muscles, joints and tendons, which detect movements and position of the body

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Systole

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Contraction , as in ventricular systole

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Validity

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A measure of whether a test actually tests what it claims to test e.g. does the condone test give an accurate measure of the anareobic threshold? ( answer = no)

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Vasoconstriction

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A decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel (usually an artertitle) by contraction of circular involuntary muscle fibers in the walls, resulting in a reduction of blood flow to the area supplied by the vessel

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Vasodilation

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an increase in the diameter of a blood vessel ( usually are arteriole) resulting in an increased blood flow to the area supplied by a vessel

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Viscosity

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" Thickness" of a fluid or "ease of flow" e.g. plasma has a viscosity which allows it to be pumped rapidly around the body.