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244 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acid
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any compound with a hydrogen ion activity greater than water (pH < 7)
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acidic solutions
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solutions have have a pH scale value less than 7
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activation energy
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energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur
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adaptation
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increase from generation to generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their environment
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ATP (adensosine triphosphate)
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cellular fuel; produced in the mitrochondria
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Alkane
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CnH2n + 2
hydrocarbon with only single bonds ***2n+2, always*** |
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alkene
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hydrocarbon with one double bond
CnH2n **the number of hydrogen atoms is ALWAYS DOUBLE the number of carbon atoms |
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alkyne
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CnH2n-2
hydrocarbon with one triple bond -yne=three **2n-2** |
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alleles
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two or more different forms of a certain gene
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alveoli
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Structure in the lungs that permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur
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amino acid
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building blocks of proteins
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anatomy
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study of the structure of various organs and body systems
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anion
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atom or molecule with a negative charge
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anterior
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toward the front of the body or body structure
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antibody
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protein produced by a B cell in response to an antigen
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arteries
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blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
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atom
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smallest part of the element that still retains all the original properties of the element
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atomic mass
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number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of the atom; the average mass of all the known isotopes of an element
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atomic number
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number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element; the number of protons that defines a specific atom
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automatic nervous system
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branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls automatic body functions like heart burn and digestion
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autotroph
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organism that is able to produce its own food
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axon
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part of the nerve cell that carries impulses away from the cell body and connects one neuron with another neuron over a synapse
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B cell
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type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigens; responsible for humoral immunity
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base
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any compound with a hydrogen ion activity less than water ( pH > 7)
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basic solutions
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solutions that have a pH scale value greater than 7
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bronchial tubes
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small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs
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capillaries
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tiny blood vessels that transport blood between arteries and veins within the body
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catalyst
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substance that controls the rate of a chemical reactions
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cation
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atom or molecule with a positive charge
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cell
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basic unit of all life
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cell wall
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outside, rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of both prokaryotic and plants cells
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cellular respiration
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process in which glucose is used to produce ATP
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Celsius
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metric temp scale defined (at standard pressure) by the melting point of ice (0 degrees C) and the boiling point (100 degrees C) of liquid water
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central nervous system
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branch of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
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centrosome
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microtubule organizing center that helps to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis
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charge
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positive or negative distribution within an object
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Charles Darwin
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evolutionary biologist who studied wild life in the 1800's and wrote "On The Origin of Species," in which he explained adaptation and natural selection
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chemical bonding
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chemical attraction of atoms due to their electron arrangement
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chemical reaction
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dynamic event that alerts the chemical makeup of a molecule; a process that chemically transforms a set of substances into another set
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chemotaxis
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release of chemicals by damaged cells that attract white blood cells
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chlorophyll
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green pigments in plants
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chloroplast
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organelle that contains chlorophyll and is found in plants; used to carry out photosynthesis
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chromatid
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one of a pair of newly duplicated chromosomes that are still attached to one another; a pair of matching "sister" chromatids make up the duplicated chromosome
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chromosomes
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condensed, single, very long strands of DNA double helix located in the nucleus of a cell and containing hundreds of genes
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chyme
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mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach
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cilia
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tiny hairs in the bronchial tubes that keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs
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circulatory system
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transportation highway for the entire body (aka the cardiovascular system)
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codon
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group of three nucleotides on RNA or DNA that encodes for a single, specific amino acid
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connective tissue
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connects different structures of the body; includes bones, cartilage. adipose tissues (fats) and blood vessels
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covalent
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sharing electrons between atoms
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cristae
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series of folds formed by the inner membrane of mitochondrion
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crude birth rate
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number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year
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crude death rate
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number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
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crystalline order
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atoms arranged in a highly ordered state
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cytokines
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chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues
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cytokinesis
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division and separation of cytoplasm from one cell into two new cells; begins in late anaphase and completes in telophase
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cytoplasm
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rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles
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deductive reasoning
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method whereby conclusions follow from a general principle
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deep
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away from or below the body surface (opposite of superficial)
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dendrites
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branched extensions of the neuron that receive impulses (electric messages) from other neurons and stimuli
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density
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ratio of mass per volume for a substance
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dependent variable
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depends of another variable
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diapedsis
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process of white blood cells squeezing through the capillary slits in response to cytokines
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diaphragm
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dome-shaped muscle located immediately below the lungs that stimulates inhalation and exhalation by contacting and relaxing
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diatomic molecule
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molecule consisting of two atoms
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digestion
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mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods
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digestive system
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manufactures enzymes that break down food so that nutrients can be easily passed into the blood for use through the body; consists of all organs from the mouth to anus involved in ingestion, breakdown, and processing of food
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diploid cell
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containing two sets chromosomes
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distal
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away from the origin of the body part of a point of attachment (opposite of proximal)
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DNA
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a molecule that exists as a double stranded helix made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases
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dorsal body cavity
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contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
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duodenum
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first section of the small intestine
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effectors
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glands and muscles that are innervated and extend away from the spinal cord
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electrolysis
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use of electric current to drive the breakdown of a molecule
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electronegativity
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ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself
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electrons
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negatively charged subatomic particles found in various orbits around the nucleus
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element
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substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means; each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons
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embryo
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early development of an animal or a plant after fertilization
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endocrine system
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controls body functions; glands in this system secrete hormones that travel though the blood to organs throughout the body to regulate processes such as growth and metabolism
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endoplasmic reticulum
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tubular transport network with the cell that appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs
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enzyme
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protein catalyst; chemical that changes the rate of a chemical reactions in living tissue w/o itself being chemically altered; a chemical that breaks down proteins, carbs, and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream
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epithelial tissue
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provides covering (such as skin tissue) or produces secretions (such as glandular tissue); commonly exists in sheets and does not have its own blood supply
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eukarya
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organism that contains cellular organelles; organism that has cells that contain nuclei (protists, plants, fungi and animals)
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excision repair
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mechanism that inspects the DNA for damage and attempts to repair it
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expiration
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act of exhaling carbon dioxide from the body
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fact
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info based on real, provable events or situations
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fertility rate
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average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (ages 15-44)
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flagella
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long, whip like structure used for cellular movement in certain prokaryotic cells
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frontal section
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cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions; coronal section
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gametes
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cells of reproduction
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ganglia
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collection of nerve cell bodies
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gene
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portion of DNA on a chromosome that provides info for an organism's characteristics; genetic blueprint for a the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell
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genome
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complete set of DNA for an individual; contains all genes
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genotype
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organism's underlying genetic makeup or code
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germ cells
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reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
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globular protein
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protein that is roughly spherical in shape
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golgi apparatus
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structure involved in packaging and transporting proteins in the cells
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haploid cell
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one set of chromosomes
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heart
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organ that rhythmically contracts and pumps blood throughout the body
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heat
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flow of energy due to a difference in temperature
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Systolic pressure
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The top number on a blood pressure reading
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heat of vaporization
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amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas
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heterotroph
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organisms than canNOT produce its own food
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heterozygous
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having received different alleles for a particular trait from each parent
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homeostasis
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a stable state in which all the needs of a body are met and all of the organ systems are working properly together
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homologous
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similar in size and function
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homozygous
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having received the same allele for a particular trait from both parents
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hydrocarbon
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compound whose structure is entirely compose of hydrogen and carbon atoms
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hypothesis
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possible explanation formulated to answer questions that are being investigated; involves making predictions that follow from the initial statement of a problem
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immune system
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tissues, cells and organs that work together to fight off illness and disease
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incomplete dominance
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dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype
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independent variable
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does not depend on another variable; affects the dependent variable
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inductive reasoning
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arriving at a general principle from specific facts
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inferior
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toward the lower end of the body or body structure (opposite of superior)
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inspiration
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act of breathing in oxygenated air
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integumentary system
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protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temp, serves as a barrier to pathogens; consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails
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interferon
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protein that inhibits the reproduction of a virus
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intermediate
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between the medial and lateral aspects of the body or body structure
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interphase
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process that occurs prior to mitosis; occurs when the cell must duplicate its DNA, increase the amount of organelles and cytoplasm, and synthesize protein in preparation for cell division; three stages of interphase are G1 (gap one), Synthesis, and G2 (gap 2)
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ion
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positively or negatively charges atom
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ionic
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electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges
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isotope
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atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons
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Joule
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a common metric unit of energy (1 calorie = 4.2 Joules)
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Kelvin
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metric temp scale defined by an absolute zero reference point (0 kelvin = -273 degrees C, the temp at which molecular motion stops)
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kinetic energy
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the energy of motion
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latent heat
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heat per mass needed for a phase change at a constant temp
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lateral
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toward the outer sides of the body or body structure (opposite of medial)
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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if a system is closed, the total amount of energy in the system does not change; however, energy can be changed from one form to another
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leukocytes
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white blood cells
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Lewis structure
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symbolic representation of covalent bonding between atoms
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light year
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distance that light travels within 1 year
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lungs
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paired organs that take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
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lymphatic system
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supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes; returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels; consists of the lymph nodes, the lymph vessels that cary lymph, the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils
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lyse
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Latin word for "break." Used in biology and chemistry to mean rupture or destruction of the cell membrane, a cell structure, or a molecule
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lysosome
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organelle containing digestive enzymes capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts
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mass
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quantity of matter within an object
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mass number
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total number of protons and neutrons found within the nucleus of an atom
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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medial
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toward the middle of the body or body structures
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meiosis
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process by which gametes reduce their DNA content
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metabolic pathways
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chemical reactions within a cell
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metabolism
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chemical reaction in living organisms used to maintain life
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metalloids
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elements that may accept or donate electrons readily; possess a mixture of metallic and non metallic properties
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metals
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elements that readily donate electrons and are good conductors of electricity; donate highly conductive electrons to their environment
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metaphase plate
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disc extending across the nuclear area on which the chromosomes are found at metaphase just prior to separation of the chromosomes during mitosis
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microtubules
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cellular tracks that form the mitotic spindle during mitosis
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microvilli
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microscopic projections of tissues that make up the villi
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midsagittal section
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sagittal section made down the median of the body
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mismatch repair
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mechanism that scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of nitrogenous bases
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mitochondrion
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powerhouse of the cell
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mitosis
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process of cell duplication in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell
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molecule
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group of chemically bonded atoms that possesses characteristics independent of atoms themselves
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muscle tissue
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dedicated to producing movement; three types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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muscular system
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consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints
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mutagen
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substance that induces mutations
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mutation
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permanent change in DNA sequence
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natural selection
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process in which individuals of a species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive and reproduce in their natural environment than others members of the species (survival of the fittest)
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nervous system
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serves as the body's control system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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nervous tissue
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structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; made up of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body
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neurons
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specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit electrical impulses
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neutron
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neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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nitrogenous base
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molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells
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nucleic acid
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chain of nucleotides
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nucleotide
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condensed DNA of a cell
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nucleus
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central region of an atom; large organelle that is the control center of the entire cell
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orbital shell
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arrangement of electrons within a specific region around the nucleus
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organ
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two or more tissue types that work together to perform a specific function
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organ system
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group of organs in an organism working together to perform a specific function
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organelle
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tiny organ
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organic chemistry
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study of the structure and properties of carbon compounds
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organism
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living body made up of several organ systems
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organism
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living body made up of several organ systems
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oxidation
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electron donation by a chemical group that leaves that group with one less electron and a more positive change
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parasympathetic nerve
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branch of automatic nervous system that is active when a person is eating or at rest
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pathogen
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any disease causing agent
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pentose
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type of sugar
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perforin
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pore forming protein
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peripheral nervous system
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branch of the nervous system that extends outside of the central nervous system and consists of the cranial and spinal nerves
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peristalsis
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rhythmic contractions of the stomach and intestines that propel food toward the colon and anus
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peroxisome
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organelle used to rid the body of toxic components
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pH
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measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; the scale used to measure the strength of acidic solutions
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pH indicator
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chemical detector of hydrogen ions to visually determine acidity (color change)
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phagocytosis
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engulfing pathogens by white blood cells
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phase transition
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alteration of the physical state of a substance between a solid, liquid and gas
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phenotype
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physical expression of genetic traits
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phosphate group
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molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links ajoining bases together
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photosynthesis
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process carried out by a green plants, green algae, and certain bacteria, in which energy from sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose
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physical bonding
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physical connection between atoms (or molecules) that do not alter the chemical nature of the atoms (or molecules)
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physiology
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study of the function of the various organs and body systems
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plasmids
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small circular portions of DNA not associated with the nucleoid
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polar molecule
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possesses both positive and negative regions
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posterior
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toward the back of the body or body structure (opposite of anterior)
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potential energy
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stored energy
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products
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substances formed as the result of chemical reactions
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prokaryote
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single-celled organism lacking defined cellular organisms or a nucleus
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protein
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compound composed of a large number of amino acids joined in a particular type of chemical bond called a peptide bond
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proton
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positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of the atom
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proximal
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close to the origin of the body part or point of attatchment (opposite of distal)
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Punnett square
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graphical way to show all possible combinations of alleles given the two parents genotypes
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purine
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nitrogenous base with two rings (adenine and guanine)
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pyloric sphincter
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muscle that separates the stomach from the duodenum and slowly releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum)
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pyrimidine
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nitrogenous base with one ring (thymine, cytosine, and uracil)
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quantitative
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relating to numbers
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reduction
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electron acceptance by a chemical that produces a more negative charge on the group
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reflex
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automatic response to a stimulus that occurs when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turn sends a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain
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reproductive system
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main purpose is to produce offspring; houses hormnes that encourage or suppress activites within the body (ie libido and aggression) and influence the development of masculine or feminine body characteristics; consists of the testes and the penis or the ovaries, vagina, and breasts
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respiratory system
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organ system that provides for air exchange by supplying tissues with oxygenated blood and removing carbon dioxide
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ribosome
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organelle responsible for synthesizing protein within the cell from amino acids
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RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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single stranded molecule made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases; required for the transfer and translation of the DNA code within a cell
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sagittal section
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cutmade along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts
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salt
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neutral product of an anion and a cation
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saturated hydrocarbon
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chemical structure composed entirely of single bond
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secretion
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process of moving proteins outside of the cell
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sensory neurons
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neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord
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sensory somatic nervous system
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part of the peripheral nervous system that consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, amd associated ganglia; controls voluntary actions of the body
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skeletal system
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supports and protects the body and its organs;supplies a framework that, when used in conjuction with the muscles, creates movement; serves as storage for minerals (ie calcium, phosphorus) consists of bones cartilage, ligaments, and joints
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specific heat
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energy required to raise one unit of mass in a substance bu 1 degree Celsius
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stem cells
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can divide and remain undifferentiated; gives rise to a variety of more-specialized cells
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stimulus
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change in the environment that triggers a physical response
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substrate
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molecule acted upon by an enzyme
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superficial
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toward or at the body surface (opposite of deep)
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superior
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toward or at the upper end of body or body structure (opposite of inferior)
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sympathetic nerve
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branch of the automatic nervous system that is activated when a person is excited or scared
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synapse
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fluid filled gap that connects the axon of one nerve cell with the cell of another
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T cell
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lymphocyte that is responsible for cellular immunity
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taxonomy
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classification of organisms into universally accepted taxons; names reflect the organism's evolutionary heritage
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tissue
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collection of cells in an organism that have a similar function and structure
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trachea
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airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tubes; also known as the windpipe
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transcription
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process of cells copying the instruction from the DNA into RNA
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translation
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process of protein reduction from messenger RNA
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transverse section
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cut made along a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower regions; cross section
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triple point
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temp and pressure at which a substance will coexist as a solid, liquid, and gas
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unsaturated hydrocarbons
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a chemical molecule containing at least one double or triple bond
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urinary system
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helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance within the body; regulates the acid base balance of the blood; removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body
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vaccine
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inactivated form of a pathogen that stimulated the body to produce antibodies for future protection
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vacuole
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basic storage unit of a cell that hold various compounds
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valence electrons
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electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
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variable
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unknown quantity in an expression or equation
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veins
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blood vessels that transport unoxygenated blood from from the capillaries back to the heart
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ventral body cavity
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contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen; the diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm); below the diaphragm are the abdominal pelvic cavities
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vesticles
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small membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm used to transport proteins or other substances in and out of the cell
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villi
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finger like projections in the mucosa of the small intestine lining; produce a pleated appearance; each villus is supplied with blood and has a lymphatic vessels for absorption
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work
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result of any change in energy
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zygote
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mass of cells formed after an egg is fertilized and begins dividing
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