Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
388 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Two reasons for conducting scientific investigations: |
Improve quality of life Establishing procedures |
|
|
An example of an investigative design that has improved the quality of life: |
Indoor plumbing Electricity Advancements in healthcare, such as tissue or organ replacement.
|
|
|
Quantitative |
Numerical |
|
|
What are the six parts of a scientific argument/ Scientific Reasoning? |
1. Problem Identification 2. Question Asking 3. Hypothesis 4. Data collection and experiment 5. Analysis 6. Conclusion |
|
|
How does a scientific argument change over time? |
The variables can be retested to ensure the same results, or new information may come in (bias). |
|
|
What are two reasons research is dependent of technology? |
To display information in graphs Data is recorded in numbers. |
|
|
How are math and scientific research related? |
Math allows us to record and prove our shortcomings, highlighting where there is room for improvement. |
|
|
What are the four parts of data collection? |
Observation (can be direct or indirect) Measurement (Quantitative or qualitative) Gather Samples Organization (tables/ charts) |
|
|
1. Problem Identification |
Identify potential problems and create solutions |
|
|
2. Question Asking |
Ask questions and attempt to formulate a solution to the problem |
|
|
3. Formulate a hypothesis |
Formulate explanations to answer the questions. Using well defined language is helpful, so that the testing process is clear. |
|
|
4. Data Collection |
Four step process of experimentation. 1. observation. 2. measurement. 3. Sample. 4. Organization |
|
|
Analysis |
Compare the data collected during the experiment for consistency |
|
|
Conclusion |
If results cannot be repeated, than the argument loses its credibility. |
|
|
Experiment |
Compare two groups, a control and an experimental group. The experimental group is different based on one variable. |
|
|
variables |
An experiment tests the question, "what effect does the independent variable have of the dependent variable (changes)? |
|
|
Graphs |
Make it simple to display numerical data in a picture format |
|
|
Deductive Reasoning |
Conclusions come from general principles. Fact---> rule
Example: All men are mortal, Sultan is a man. So Sultan is mortal. |
|
|
Inductive Reasoning |
A method to arrive at general principles using specific facts.
Example: I observed the sun set this morning. I have observed the sun set daily, hundreds of times in my lifetime. So, the sun sets every evening. |
|
|
Anatomy |
Study of structure of organs and body systems |
|
|
Physiology |
Study of the function of the organs and body systems, and how they interact together. |
|
|
What is the hierarchy of the structure of the human body, small to large |
Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism |
|
|
What is the hierarchy of the structure of the human body, large to small |
Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Molecule Atom |
|
|
What is an Atom |
the smallest part of an element that keeps all of the original properties of the element |
|
|
What is a Molecule |
Two or more chemically boded atoms, they have their own characteristics of the atoms. |
|
|
What is a Cell? |
The basic unit of life. Molecules combine to form either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
All cells have DNA, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. |
|
|
What is a tissue? |
Similar cells with the same form and function combine for a tissue. There are four tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. |
|
|
What is an organ? |
Two or more tissue types that work together for a common function. |
|
|
What is an Organ system? |
When a group of organs work together to perform a mutual task.
There are eleven organ systems in the body. |
|
|
What is an organism? |
When all of the organ systems work together in the body. |
|
|
What are the four tissue types? |
Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue |
|
|
What is the function of epithelial tissue? |
Provide Covering (like skin) Produce secretion (like glandular tissue) |
|
|
What are the shapes of epithelial cells? |
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar |
|
|
How are epithelial cells classified? |
By shape and number of cell layers |
|
|
What are common classification for epithelial cells? |
1) Simple and stratified: vary in cell layers
2)Simple epithelium: one layer of cells. Found in the body where absorption, secretion, or filtration occurs.
3)stratified epithelium: more than one layer of cells for protection. |
|
|
How does epithelial cells get food and oxygen? |
Diffusion (high concentration to low concentration) from nearby capillaries, because it does not have it's own blood supply. |
|
|
Where is connective tissue found? |
Throughout the body.
Bone cartilage adipose tissue/ fat blood vessel tendon ligament (ligaments have no blood supply, and connect bone to bone) |
|
|
What is the purpose of connective tissue |
Connects different structures of the body, has its own blood supply to repair quickly except ligaments. |
|
|
What is the purpose of muscle tissue? |
Muscle tissue is dedicated to producing movement. |
|
|
What are the three types of muscle tissue? |
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. |
|
|
What does skeletal muscle tissue do? |
Skeletal muscle tissue supports voluntary movement, connected to bone in the skeletal system. Voluntary movements are controlled by the brain. |
|
|
What does smooth muscle tissue do? |
Smooth muscle is under involuntary control, which means it cannot be consciously controlled. It is in the walls of hollow organs, intestines, blood vessels, the bladder, and uterus. |
|
|
what does cardiac muscle do? |
Cardiac muscle movement is involuntary, and found only in the heart. |
|
|
What does nervous tissue do? |
Nervous tissue provides the structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. |
|
|
What are nerves? |
Nerves are made up specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body. |
|
|
What is myelin? |
Myelin is support cells for neurons, and covers all the nervous tissue: brain, spinal cord, and nerves. |
|
|
What are the eleven organ systems? |
Circulatory system Digestive system Endocrine System Integumentary System Lymphatic System Muscular System Nervous System Reproductive System Respiratory System Skeletal System Urinary System |
|
|
What are the main components of the circulatory system? |
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Different types of blood vessels include arteries, veins, and arterioles. |
|
|
What does the circulatory system do? |
It supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body, like oxygen, hormones, and nutrients form food. |
|
|
What are the organs of the digestive system? |
esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, and anus. Liver and pancreas also aid in digestion. |
|
|
What does the digestive system do? |
The digestive system aids in the ingestion and breakdown of food processing.
This way, nutrients can be passed into the blood for use throughout the body. Undigested food is expelled. |
|
|
Where does absorption of nutrients take place? |
In the small intestine. |
|
|
What are the three parts of the small intestine? |
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. |
|
|
Where is each marcomolecule absorbed? |
carbohydrate breakdown begins in the mouth with amylase. broken down in the duodenum.
Lipids get absorbed in the small intestine.
protein are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine. protein digesting enzymes secreted from the pancreas.
|
|
|
What does the endocrine system do? |
Control body functions by secreting hormones that travel to the blood to organs throughout the body. |
|
|
What are the glands of the endocrine system? |
Pineal, pituitary, thalmus, hypothalmus, thyroid, and adrenal: regulate growth and metabolism
Pancreas, testis, and ovaries also have endocrine functions. |
|
|
What does the integumentary system do? |
Protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps to regulate body temperature. Also an innate line of defense against pathogens. |
|
|
What are tissues of the integumentary system? |
Skin Mucus membranes hair nails |
|
|
What does the lymphatic system do? |
A transportation system for the immune system and some hormones. It houses and moves white blood cells to and from lymph nodes.
Also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system into the blood vessels. |
|
|
What are the parts of the lymphatic system |
lymph nodes lymph vessels spleen thymus tonsils |
|
|
What does the muscular system do? |
hormones provide strength nervous system regulates and coordinates muscle activity reproductive system encourages large muscles size in men bones provide levers for muscle activity |
|
|
What are the parts of the muscular system? |
skeletal muscle, tendons, and ligamnets |
|
|
What are the parts of the nervous system? |
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves. |
|
|
What does the nervous system do? |
It serves as the body's control system. Sensory receptors detect stimuli inside and outside the body.
When a treat is detected, the nervous system will activate the appropriate muscle or gland to respond as a reflex to retreat from danger. |
|
|
What does the reproductive system do? |
The main function is to produce offspring.
Men produce sperm and women eggs.
The reproductive organs house hormones that encourage or suppress activities in the body. The libido or aggression can also influence the development of masculine or feminine characteristics. |
|
|
What are the parts of the reproductive system? |
Testis, Penis, ovaries, vagina, and breasts. |
|
|
What is the function of the skeletal system? |
the skeletal system provides support and protection for the body and its organs. It supplies a framework that can produce movement when used with muscles.
Bones are also a storage place for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. |
|
|
What are the parts of the the skeletal system? |
Bone Cartilage Ligament Joint |
|
|
What does the urinary system do? |
The urinary system helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Electrolytes are sodium, chloride, potassium. |
|
|
How does the urinary system maintain balance? |
The urinary system regulates the acid-base balance of the blood, and removes all nitrogen containing waste from the body.
Nitrogen waste are by-products of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids. |
|
|
What are common functions of the human body? |
adaption circulation elimination locomotion nutrition oxygenation regulation self-duplication
|
|
|
How do the organ systems interact |
the organ systems work together to carry out the functions needed to sustain life. Some functions are needed for more complex animals. |
|
|
More complex ways the organ systems interact |
Maintain boundaries respond to environmental stimuli moving Ingesting and digesting reproducing growing excreting matbolizing |
|
|
What is homeostasis? |
When all of the body's needs are met, and the organ systems are working together. |
|
|
What is maintaining boundaries? |
The eukaryotic cells of the human body have a semipermeable membrane, so that only some substances can come in.
Another example would be the integumentary system, which surrounds the entire body to keep out environmental stimuli and pathogens. |
|
|
What is responding to environmental stimuli? |
The body can respond to environmental stimuli both involuntarily and voluntarily.
Example:
Moving away from danger is voluntary. The hand being able to withdraw from pain stimuli before the brain receives it is involuntary. |
|
|
What is moving? |
The primary purpose of muscular tissue is to support movement throughout the body.
The muscular system moves bones for voluntary movement.
The muscular tissue in the digestive, cardiovascular, reproductive, urinary, and respiratory system support involuntary muscle movement. |
|
|
What is ingestion and digestion? |
The digestive system works to remove nutrients from food and transport those nutrients using the cardiovascular system. |
|
|
What is reproducing? |
Hormones regulate the process of reproduction |
|
|
What is growing? |
The skeletal and muscular systems change shape.
the digestive system removes the nutrients from food, so that the cardiovascular system can transport those nutrients to cells.
The endocrine system releases hormones that signal how much growth should occur. |
|
|
What is excreting? |
The waste that is removed from the food in the digestive system is removed from the body through the urinary and digestive system. |
|
|
What is metabolizing? |
A series of chemical reactions by cells for the purpose of creating energy. The digestive and respiratory system supply the nutrients and oxygen the body's cells need for metabolism.
The blood distributes the materials throughout the body, and hormones are secreted throughout the glands of the endocrine system to regulate metabolism. |
|
|
Superior |
Upper |
|
|
Inferior |
Lower |
|
|
Anterior |
Front |
|
|
Posterior |
back |
|
|
medial |
Middle |
|
|
Lateral |
outside |
|
|
Intermediate |
Middle |
|
|
proximal |
close to the point of attachment |
|
|
Distal |
Away from the attachment point |
|
|
Superficial |
Toward the body surface |
|
|
Deep |
Below the surface |
|
|
Sagittal |
Divides Left and Right |
|
|
Mid-sagittal |
Left and right in the middle of the body |
|
|
Transverse |
Divide the upper and lower portions of the body |
|
|
Frontal section |
Divide into front and back regions |
|
|
Dorsal cavity |
cranial cavity and spinal column |
|
|
Ventral cavity |
Chest and abdomen structures. Includes Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity. |
|
|
Thoracic cavity |
The diaphragm muscle divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity. |
|
|
Pelvic cavity |
Structures of pelvic region |
|
|
What is locomotion? |
Allows both voluntary and involuntary movement through the musculoskeletal and neurological systems. |
|
|
What is regulation? |
Hormonal control of the body via functions of the endocrine system. |
|
|
What is the circulatory system made up of? |
The heart, blood, and blood vessels. |
|
|
What is the difference between arteries and veins? |
Arteries transport blood away from the heart, and veins transport blood back to the heart. |
|
|
What are capillaries? |
Tiny blood vessels that carry blood from both arteries and veins throughout the body. |
|
|
Why are capillaries important? |
They are small, but mighty. this is where the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients happens. |
|
|
What do valves do? |
Prevent the back flow of blood after contraction. |
|
|
What are the valves on the Right side of the heart? |
Tricuspid and Pulmonary valve |
|
|
What are the valves on the left side of the heart? |
Mitral and aortic valve |
|
|
What is the order of blood flow through the heart to get to the lungs for oxygenation?(the right side of the body) |
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Artery Lungs Pulmonary System Oxygen |
|
|
What is the order of blood flow through the heart after oxygenation? (the left side of the body? |
Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium mitral valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta Systemic System
|
|
|
Blood that passes the tricuspid valve enters into which ventricle? |
Right Ventricle |
|
|
Blood that passes the mitral valve enters into which ventricle? |
Left ventricle |
|
|
After contraction of the left ventricle, blood travels into which structure of the heart? |
aorta |
|
|
After contraction of the right ventricle, blood travels into which structure of the heart? |
Pulmonary artery |
|
|
After contraction of the right atrium, blood travels into which structure of the heart? |
right ventricle |
|
|
What is the function of the pulmonary valve? |
To ensure that blood stays in the pulmonary artery. |
|
|
What is the function of the respiratory system? |
To provide the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. |
|
|
What are cilia? |
Tiny hairs that keep airway in the bronchial tubes clear by removing unwanted matter from lungs. |
|
|
What are alveoli? |
Air sacs surrounded by capillaries. The walls of alveoli is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur. |
|
|
What is the diaphragm? |
An abdominal muscle used in breathing. |
|
|
What is breathing? |
When oxygen is transported by the red blood cells through the bloodstream |
|
|
What is inspiration? |
Oxygen comes in. The diaphragm contracts |
|
|
What is expiration? |
Carbon dioxide goes out. the diaphragm relaxes, goes out. |
|
|
Pulmonary function decreases |
with age, smoking, pollutants, and irritating chemicals. |
|
|
What are the two main parts of the nervous system? |
The central nervous system the peripheral nervous system |
|
|
What are the part of the CNS? |
The brain and spinal cord |
|
|
What are the parts of the PNS? |
The cranial and spinal nerves in the body. |
|
|
What are the two systems of the PNS? |
the autonomic and sensory-somatic nervous system. |
|
|
What are the two nerve pathways in the autonomic nervous system? |
Sympathetic and parasympathetic system |
|
|
What does the sympathetic pathway work to control? |
The fight or flight response system |
|
|
What does the parasympathetic pathway work to control? |
The rest and digest system |
|
|
What does the sensory-somatic nervous system work to control? |
voluntary motor actions, walking talking |
|
|
What is a ganglia? |
A collection of nerve bodies. there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
|
|
What is an effector? |
where an electrical impulse mets the muscle |
|
|
what are the main functions of the nervous system? |
1. sensory information 2. motor 3. integrative functions |
|
|
What happens during digestion? |
Teeth tear food into small pieces, increasing surface area so that enzymes can act. |
|
|
What is an enzyme? |
A chemical that quickly breaks down the proteins, fats, and carbs from foods into nutrients.
Example: the parotid salivary gland releases amylase to begin the breakdown of carbohydrates. |
|
|
What is chyme? |
the mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach. |
|
|
What sits in the stomach longer?
|
Fat laden chyme sits longer than carbohydrate
|
|
|
What does the duodenum do |
It is the first section of the small intestine. This releases secretin and chloecystokkinin (CCK). |
|
|
What is peristalsis?
|
the propulsion of food through the gastrointestinal tract.
|
|
|
How does the surface area for absorption get increased in the small intestine? |
villi and microvilli |
|
|
What is protease? |
An enzyme to begin protein digestion in the stomach |
|
|
What does secretin do? |
Tell the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid. |
|
|
What does CCK do? |
tells bile to get released from the gallbladder to decrease motility and increase acid production. |
|
|
How do villi carry through absorption? |
Each villus has arterioles and lymphatic vessels. |
|
|
What happens with the remaining product after absorption of nutrients? |
They get transported to the colon. Water is added, which throws off the electrolyte balance. |
|
|
What is the purpose of the immune system? |
To protect the body from pathogens and invasion so that the organism does not die. |
|
|
What are the two defense systems of the immune system? |
Innate and adaptive |
|
|
How does the innate or nonspecific immune system work? |
It works the same way every time, regardless of the type or number of pathogens. |
|
|
What is the defense system for the innate system? |
a first line of defense and a second line of defense |
|
|
What does the first line of defense in the innate system include? |
Skin mucus membrane digestive enzymes
|
|
|
What does the second line of defense for the innate system include? |
Fever inflammation phagocytosis |
|
|
what are the four signs of inflammation? |
redness heat swelling pain |
|
|
How is a mild fever helpful? |
It increases body temperature to kill pathogens that live at lower body temperatures. |
|
|
What is phagocytosis? |
When a white blood cell eats a pathogen |
|
|
What are different kinds of phagocytes?
|
Neutrophils, Macrophages, and leukocytes are all phagocytes.
|
|
|
How does the adaptive or specific immune system? |
Saves the information from exposure to the pathogen in memory. Very specific from cell to cell, called antibodies. |
|
|
What is a T cell |
Lymphocyte Cell produced in the thymus. Cell mediated response, so respond to infected cells to create antibodies. |
|
|
What is a B cell |
Lymphocyte cell Produced in the bone marrow. Humoral response, which react to pathogens outside of cells. |
|
|
What is a natural killer cell? |
target cancer and virus cells by producing perforin to make the cell lyse. |
|
|
What is Adopoisesis? |
Cells kill themselves |
|
|
What is an antigen? |
Part of the humoral response. Lives on the surface of the cell to tell what cell needs to be destroyed. |
|
|
What is an antibody? |
the memory, or part of the cell that are specific against invading antigens. |
|
|
Active immunity |
Illness and go through immune response. when the body is stimulated to produce antibodies |
|
|
Passive immunity |
When the body receives antibodies and does not have to make them because has already received the antibodies. Vaccine, breastfeeding. |
|
|
Where are fertility rates higher? |
Fertility rates are higher in less developed countries. |
|
|
Which are factors that affect birth rates? |
Religion Culture Economy Government Literacy Infant mortality rates Abortion Accessibility of family planning |
|
|
How can the growth and decline of a population be described? |
Growth and decline are the result of the difference between the populations birth and death rate, and immigration and emigration. |
|
|
What is the purpose of the biological classification system? |
To name, organize, and categorize organisms. |
|
|
What is the hierarchy of the classification system from most specific to general? |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
|
|
What are the six kingdom types? |
Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista Eubacteria Archae |
|
|
Binomial nomenclature is classified how? |
The genus and species name |
|
|
What is the order of taxonomy from specific to to general?
|
Species
Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain |
|
|
Example of species name |
specific species: Grizzly Bear is Ursus arctos |
|
|
Example of genus name |
Genus: Ursus is grizzly bear and brown bear. |
|
|
What is natural selection? |
Natural selection is also known as survival of the fittest. When some species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than others. |
|
|
How is natural selection related to mutations? |
The action of natural selection is due to the presence of mutations in DNA that are passed on from generation to generation. |
|
|
What is a mutation? |
Changes in DNA that affect the way a gene functions. |
|
|
What is adaptation? |
The process of an individual being able to survive. |
|
|
What is a gene? |
A stretch of DNA on a chromosome that provides information for the organisms characteristic. |
|
|
How are adaptation and natural selection different? |
The process is natural selection to produce adaptations for survival of the fittest. |
|
|
What is DNA? |
deoxynucleic acid. Store and transmit heredity information |
|
|
What is RNA? |
ribonucleic acid. Store and transmit heredity information. |
|
|
What is a nucleic acid? |
A chain of nucleotides that contain: pentose (sugar),
phosphate group(molecule to link DNA and RNA together),
nitrogenous base (molecule to link DNA and RNA together). |
|
|
What are the five types of nitrogenous bases? |
Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine Uracil
|
|
|
What are the nitrogenous base pairs is DNA? |
A pairs with T
G pairs with C |
|
|
What are the nitrogenous base pairs in RNA? |
A pairs with U
G pairs with C |
|
|
What are purines? pure rings
|
two rings, A and G
|
|
|
Pyrimidines one pyramid tcu
|
one ring, T and C and U.
|
|
|
What are the common elements of nucleic acids? |
hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon phosphorus
|
|
|
What is transcription? |
copying the instructions from DNA into RNA and send the messenger RNA to the ribosomes. |
|
|
What is translation? |
the process of protein production from messenger RNA. |
|
|
Where are proteins made? |
proteins are made by ribosomes from the information sent out to the cell. |
|
|
How does DNA effect protein production? |
RNA is the messenger between DNA and protein production. This takes place in the ribosomes of the cell to send information to the entire cell. |
|
|
What are bacteria? |
Both eubacteria and archaebacteria are the most basic type of cell that exist independently. They are prokaryotic. |
|
|
Ribososmes |
manufacture proteins for the cell from the RNA |
|
|
What are eukarya? |
Eukarya is the domain to include are eukaryotic cells, bacteria and archea. They are larger and more complex than the prokaryotic cell to make up a multicellular organism, and each cell has a specialized role. |
|
|
What is the plasma membrane? |
semipermeable to allow only certain substances in and out. |
|
|
What are ribosomes? |
Make protein based on messages based on RNA messages from the cell. |
|
|
What is the endoplastic reticulum? |
A tubular network inside the cell. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes to move proteins after they are made by the ribosomes outside of the cell (called secretion).
Smooth ER does not have ribosomes but does a lot of metabolic processes. |
|
|
What is The Golgi Appartaus? |
It packages and transports the cells, sorts and prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell or to the membrane for secretion. |
|
|
What is a vesicle?
|
A membrane bound to transport protein or substances in or out of the cell.
there are three types of vesicles. Vacuoles, lysosomes, and peroxisome. |
|
|
What is a vacuole?
|
A storage unit of the cell that contains various compounds.
|
|
|
What is the mitochondria? |
This is where the ATP is produced. Enzymes in the folds of the mitochondria convert sugar into ATP to power the cell. |
|
|
what are microtubules? |
Microtubules a cellular tracks that form the mitotic spindle during mitosis. |
|
|
What are centrosomes? |
microtubule organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis. |
|
|
What is the nucleus? |
This structure is enclosed by a double nucleus because it holds the genetic material and directs the activities of the cell. |
|
|
What is the nucleolus? |
The small body within the nucleus that functions to produce ribosomes. |
|
|
What are flagella? |
Flagella and cilia are projections off the cell to produce movement. |
|
|
What are plant cells? |
Plant cells are a type of eukaryotic cell. |
|
|
What is different about plant cells than other eukaryotic cells? |
Plant cells has chloroplasts, larger vacuoles, and a solid cell wall. |
|
|
what are chloroplasts? |
organelles that contain chlorophyll. |
|
|
What is chlorophyll? |
Lives inside the chloroplasts, and allows for the capture of sunlight for the production of glucose during photosynthesis. Plants need mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
|
|
Where does ATP production happen in cells? |
The mitochondria |
|
|
What do chloroplasts do? |
chloroplasts are involved in the photosynthesis and production of glucose for plants |
|
|
What does a golgi apparatus do? |
Transports and secretes proteins |
|
|
What do ribosomes do? |
Manufacture proteins. |
|
|
What type of cell has a cytoplasm? |
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. |
|
|
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
In prokaryotic (bacterial) cells, the DNA is located in the nucleoid, and in eukaryotic cells (animal/ plant) the DNA is located in the nucleus. |
|
|
What are chromosomes? |
Chromosomes contain information that specifies the production of proteins. Each section of a chromosome is called a gene. |
|
|
What do genes do? |
Genes send messages within the cell and to other cells as a code. This code is made possible through complimentary base pairing. |
|
|
How do genes work? |
Inside each gene is a double stranded molecule of DNA that is made up of nitrogenous bases. |
|
|
What are the nitrogenous base pairings in DNA? |
Adenine and Thymine
Guanine and Cytosine |
|
|
How are chromosomes, genes, and DNA related? |
Chromosomes have sections called genes, and the gene has a subunit that holds the DNA. |
|
|
What is DNA? |
The blueprint for making an individual.
DNA gives rise to RNA, which gives rise to protein. |
|
|
How does DNA translate code? |
To translate the DNA complementary code into a protein, RNA is required. |
|
|
What is the process of copying RNA? |
The DNA strand is copied into RNA in the nucleus and transported to the ribosome |
|
|
What is an amino acid? |
A chain of amino acids is a protein.
At the ribosome, the RNA is translated into a chain of amino acids. |
|
|
What is the role of protein in the body? |
Protein plays a vital role in the body's functioning.
Chromosomes, DNA, and RNA are all substances that preside over protein production. |
|
|
What is cell differentiation? |
producing a more specialized cell from a less specialized cell.
This determines what cell type each cell will become. The genes that control this direct each cell where to form protein and structures that make it a specific cell type. |
|
|
How does an embryo form? |
A fertilized egg divides and becomes a mass of cells called a zygote. |
|
|
What is gastrulation? |
When individual tissue layers begin to form |
|
|
What is a zygote? |
A mass of cells that is fertilized and now growing to be a person. |
|
|
How is growth of the zygote regulated through gastrulation ? |
The genes of each cell regulate the process of differentiation during all stages of development. |
|
|
What kind of cell does differentiation occur? |
Differentiation occurs in the developing embryo, but also in an adult. It is also possible that cells can divide and become undifferentiated. |
|
|
What is a stem cell? |
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell. There are three types of stem cells: totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. |
|
|
What is an embryo? |
An animal or a plant in the early stages of development after fertilization. |
|
|
What is mitosis? |
The process of cell duplication in most cells. Two daughter cells receive the same nuclear material as the original cell. |
|
|
How is the DNA double helix copied for cell replication? |
In the S phase (synthesis) is when a copy is made. There a gap phases before and after.
All three, G 1, S, and G2 is called interphase and occurs to prepare for mitosis. |
|
|
What happens during G1 |
DNA cells are available for transcription into RNA, the double helix unwinds and RNA pairs match and the helix closes. |
|
|
What happens during S phase? |
The hydrogen bonds of the double helix break to form two separate strands. |
|
|
what happens during G2? |
Protein synthesis and cell growth to prepare for cell division |
|
|
What is DNA Polymerase? |
an enzyme to increase the speed of creating new complimentary strands. |
|
|
What is transcription? |
The process of copying the gene sequence from DNA into RNA. |
|
|
What is translation? |
The process of starting with AUG and reading each nucleotide. |
|
|
What are the stages of mitosis? |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
|
|
What happens during Prophase? |
Spindle fibers form |
|
|
What happens during Metaphase? |
Chromosomes move to the middle |
|
|
What happens during Anaphase? |
Chromosomes move away |
|
|
What happens during Telophase? |
Chromosomes form identical sets. |
|
|
What is the end result of mitosis? |
Two identical parent cells, or 2 diploid cells.
|
|
|
How many chromosomes are in a diploid cell? |
a pair of chromosomes in each diploid cell, is 46 chromosomes in each diploid cell. |
|
|
Where does meiosis occur? |
In gametes, or sex cells like testes or eggs. |
|
|
What are the phases of meisois? |
Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase prophase 2 metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2
|
|
|
what is the end result of meiosis? |
four haploid cells. |
|
|
How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell? |
Each haploid cell has 23 chromosomes. |
|
|
What happens during meiosis? |
A diploid cell will give rise to four haploid cell. |
|
|
What is an autotroph? |
an organism that is able to produce its own food. |
|
|
What is a heterotroph? |
an organism that must obtain food from outside sources. |
|
|
What is photosyntheis? |
process to synthesize glucose by trapping sunlight due to chlorophyll. |
|
|
How does photosynthesis occur? |
the chloroplast is where carbon dioxide, water, and energy from the sun are used to create ATP. |
|
|
How do plants obtain sunlight? |
they have chlorophyll to get sunlight energy |
|
|
What is cellular respiration? |
The process of breaking down glucose to ATP for cells. |
|
|
what is the process of the glucose breakdown called? |
Glycolysis. |
|
|
What does the process of glycolysis do? |
transfers energy from glucose to ATP. |
|
|
What happens after ATP is generated from glycolysis? |
More ATP is made in the Krebs cycle AKA citric acid cycle. |
|
|
What is the process of the krebs cycle and glycolysis known as? |
cellular respiration. |
|
|
Where does cellular respiration occur? |
the mitochondria of the cell. |
|
|
What is used during cellular respiration? |
water |
|
|
What is created as a waste during cellular respiration? |
water and carbon dioxide |
|
|
what is a Chromosome |
a stretch of DNA called genes |
|
|
What is a gene |
holds all of the genetic information that controls that traits for an individual. |
|
|
What is a codon? |
three nitrogenous bases of DNA in a row. there are 64. |
|
|
What is an amino acid? |
when a codon matches to a specific amino acid. there are only 20 amino acids, but a chain of amino acids forms a protein. |
|
|
What is a protein? |
one gene matches to one protein, so each protein is responsible for the expression of genetic traits. protein work hard.
|
|
|
How does a genetic mutation occur? |
1. an error in DNA replication 2. a mutagen |
|
|
What is a mutagen? |
A substance that induces mutation, like agent orange or a disease. |
|
|
How does the body prevent mutagens?? |
DNA polymerase will make sure there are less errors in the replication process by proofreading and making corrections during DNA synthesis. |
|
|
What is another way the body attempts to prevent mutagens? |
excision repair to inspect DNA and repair defective strands from sun damage or chemicals. |
|
|
How can mutations be passed on to future generations? |
if disease and disorder lives in the germ cell. |
|
|
What is a germ cell? |
a reproductive cell that gives rise to the sperm and ovum. |
|
|
What is a phenotype? |
the physical, visible expression of genetic traits.
Example: brown hair and blue eyes. |
|
|
What is a genotype? |
The underlying genetic makeup or code. |
|
|
How are genotype and phenotype related? |
Genotype are the entire set of genes in an organism, while phenotype are the characteristics and traits that are expressed by those genes. |
|
|
The different coat colors between cat breeds is an example of genotype of phenotype? |
phenotype |
|
|
What is genetics? |
the study of how traits are passed along |
|
|
What is a gene? |
a piece of DNA on a chromosome that controls a genetic trait. There are multiple forms of genes. |
|
|
What are the multiple forms of genes? |
Recessive and dominant alleles. |
|
|
What is a homozygous offspring? |
when both parents have the same allele |
|
|
what is a heterozygous allele? |
when the parents have a different allele for a trait |
|
|
What is a punnent square? |
a graphical way to predict the possible combinations of alleles. |
|
|
What is a light year? |
the distance that light will travel in one year of time. |
|
|
Order of wavelength from short to long |
gamma x ray ultraviolet visible infrared microwave radiowaves
|
|
|
the visible part of the spectrum from long to short |
red orange yellow green blue indigo violet
|
|
|
How does the energy from the sun help to sustain life on earth? |
by the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and and water is converted into glucose and oxygen. |
|
|
How is the sun helpful for the earth? |
drives weather and climate conditions |
|
|
What is kinetic energy? |
energy of motion= 1/2 (mass) (velocity) squared. |
|
|
What is potential energy? |
Stored energy= (mass) (gravity) (height) |
|
|
If a 5 kg object is held at a height of 6 m. What is the potential energy at this height of the object? |
PE= mgh= 5 x 10 m/s (squared) x 6 = 300 joules. |
|
|
Suppose an object has a total energy of 100 joules when held at a height of 10m. If the object is released, how much kinetic and potential energy will the object have at a height of 2 m? |
Conservation of energy means that the sum of the KE plus the PE equals the total energy. Since the object has fallen 1/5 way, the potential energy is 1/5 of the total energy.
PE is 20 joules, so the remaining energy is 80 joules. |
|
|
What is matter? |
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. |
|
|
How is mass different than weight? |
Mass is the quantity of matter an object has. |
|
|
What is an element? |
A substance that cannot be broken into a more simple type of matter.
All known elements are arranged in a specific order on the periodic table. |
|
|
What is an atom? |
The smallest part of an element that still keeps the shape of the original properties of the element. |
|
|
What are the smaller pieces of matter in an atom called? |
protons neutrons electrons
|
|
|
What is a proton? |
positive charge, in the nucleus.
Protons tell one atom from another, and make the atomic number. |
|
|
What is a neutron? |
neutral charge, in the nucleus. |
|
|
what is an electron? |
negative charge, live in various energy levels around the nucleus. |
|
|
What is the atomic number? |
the number of protons in the nucleus, and also the ordering device for the periodic table. |
|
|
What is a chemical reaction? |
a dynamic event in the life of an atom. may imbalance the charge of the atom, and cause excess protons or electrons. |
|
|
What is an ion? |
A result of a chemical reaction, positive or negative charged atoms instead of being a balanced atom. |
|
|
What is the mass of a proton and a neutron? |
their mass is about the same |
|
|
Does the mass of electrons contribute to the mass of an atom? |
no, electron mass does not. |
|
|
What is an isotope? |
Different versions of the same atom |
|
|
what is the atomic mass? |
the average mass of all the known isotopes of an element. |
|
|
If the atomic number of oxygen is 8, how many protons? |
8, because atomic number and proton are the same. |
|
|
How many neutrons does oxygen have, if the atomic mass is 16 |
8, because protons and neutrons make up the atomic mass. subtract 8 from 16 to find out how many protons are left. |
|
|
How many protons does iron have? |
56= atomic mass. 26=atomic number.
26 protons in iron. |
|
|
How many neutrons are in iron? |
subtract 56 minus 26.
30 neutrons. |
|
|
How is an atoms charge decided? |
protons or electrons |
|
|
What does it mean if an atom is electrically neutral? |
That it has the same number of electrons and protons. |
|
|
What does it mean for an atom to be "electrically charged?" a +1 or a -1. |
it will have an imbalance of protons or electrons. |
|
|
How many protons will the isotope O-18 have? |
8, because protons stay the same. |
|
|
What is an isotope? |
atoms with the same number of protons, different number of neutrons. |
|
|
What is a catalyst? |
Controls the rate of chemical reactions, to speed them up or slow them down. |
|
|
What is a promoter? |
A catalyst that speeds up reaction rates, like enzymes. |
|
|
What is a inhibitor? |
slows down the rate of a reaction. |
|
|
What is a substrate? |
the molecular that the enzyme acts with. |
|
|
How do catalysts work? |
By lowering the activation energy. |
|
|
What is the activation energy? |
4 steps. The barrier of products, so that the reaction has less work to do. |
|
|
What are the four steps? |
1. x+c yield XC 2. XC + Y yield XYC 3. XYC yield CZ 4. CZ yield C + Z
|
|
|
How does a catalyst increase the rate of a chemical reaction? |
a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the rate of activation energy. |
|
|
What happens after the activation energy is lowered? |
The catalyst will produce a product from the reactants, and is the catalyst is able to continue to reaction again. |
|
|
What is the order that electrons are arranged on the periodic table? |
Electrons are arranged by atomic mass. |
|
|
What is a row or period? |
moving across the periodic table |
|
|
what is a group or column |
a family of similar atoms moving down the periodic table. |
|
|
How are atomic radii and electronegativity related? |
Atomic radius decreases electronegativity increases because a smaller radius means the outer electrons are closer to protons in the nucleus and are more attracted to another atom in the same molecule. |
|
|
Where are metals located on the periodic table? |
to the left, before the zig zag line |
|
|
Where are metalloids located? |
near the stairstep line |
|
|
What happens when electronegativity decreases? |
atomic number and radii increase. |
|
|
what is atomic radii? |
the radius, or energy required to move from left to right on the periodic table |
|
|
what is electronegativity? |
the measure of an atoms attraction to elements in a chemical bond. |
|
|
What is an enzyme? |
a catalyst that increases the rate of chemical reactions throughout the body. |
|
|
how do enzymes work? |
enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. |
|
|
how do enzymes fit where they need to go? |
enzymes are flexible, and can reshape themselves. |
|
|
How is the pH scale used? |
to measure the strength of acidic (1-7) and basic (7-14) solutions. |
|
|
How is the ph scale measured |
its based on a logarithmic scale of dissolved H+ ions. |
|
|
If the activity of H ions on a solution is 1 part per ten thousand, what is the pH value? |
ph is 4, so it is acidic. 10,000 has 4 zeros. |
|
|
What does it mean to say basic? |
there are a smaller number of hydrogen ions associated with a basic solution, and red litmus paper will turn blue. |
|
|
What does the difference of one unit on the pH scale represent? |
a concentration difference of 10. |
|
|
What is an ionic bond? |
opposite ions being attracted and shared. |
|
|
What is covalent bonding? |
Sharing electrons between atoms. |
|
|
What is a hydrocarbon |
methane propane butane
how they bond to hydrogen and carbon |
|
|
What is an alkane? |
Cn H2n +2 |
|
|
what is an saturated hydrocarbon? |
The most basic structure of the hyrdocarbon. |
|
|
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? |
One or more triple bonds between carbon atoms |
|
|
What is an Alkene? |
Cn H2n |
|
|
What is an Alkyne? |
Cn H2n -2 |
|
|
What are the properties of a metalloid? |
may accept electrons, and posses a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties |
|
|
what is a cation? |
A positive ion |
|
|
What is an anion? |
a negative ion |
|
|
what is a covalent bond? |
electron sharing |
|
|
Where are metals on the periodic table? |
to the left |
|
|
where are gasses? |
to the right |
|
|
where are nonmetals? |
in the middle |
|
|
what is electronegativity? |
similar attractions for electrons that increases from Left to right on the periodic table. |
|
|
What does the lewis dot structure show? |
covalent bonds between atoms of a molecule |
|
|
How are the dots of the lewis dot structure arranged? |
the atoms in the completely filled shell configuration of paired electrons |
|
|
What is a valence electron |
an electron that allows for sharing of an atom |
|
|
What are the two types of chemical reactions? |
oxidation-reduction and acid-base reactions. |
|
|
What is an oxidation-reduction reaction? |
donating and accepting electrons. Oxidation is a positive ion, reduction is a negative ion.
Examples: combustion, photosynthesis, metabolism. |
|
|
What is an acid base reaction? |
the reaction will produce water and salts which will neutralize the ph. |
|
|
What is an example of ph neutralization? |
acid-base reaction |
|
|
what is an example of an oxidation reduction reaction? |
metabolism, combustion, or photosynthesis. |
|
|
What are the chemical properties of water? |
Ph of 7 density of 4 degrees C
|
|
|
What is the electronegativity for water? |
water does not have a a standard electronegativity value on the periodic table. |
|
|
How is the Kelvin temperature scale for water based? |
the kelvin scale is based on waters triple point. |
|
|
Kinetic theory |
states that atoms and molecules are always in motion |
|
|
What are factors that decide the distance and rate of the atoms motion? |
temperature (speed) pressure (force)
|
|
|
What happens if temperature or pressure changes in the molecule? |
the phase or state of matter may change. |
|
|
Solid state |
fixed shape and volume. can exist at high temperature and pressure. |
|
|
liquid state |
greater volume. Can exist at a higher temperature, and low pressure. |
|
|
gas phase |
higher temperature lower pressure compared to liquid. |
|
|
What is heat? |
the heat of vaporization refers to the energy necessary (at constant temperatures) to cause a complex phase change from a liquid to a gas. |
|
|
what is a phase transition? |
an alteration of the physical state of matter. |
