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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 2 reasons for scientific investigations?
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1. Establishing Procedures
2. Improving the quality of life |
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An example of a scientific investigation that's led to a new design that improved the quality of life is?
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Artificial Organs
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What is a hypothesis
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An explanation made to answer questions being investigated
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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1. Identify the problem
2. Asking questions 3. Make a hypothesis 4. Collect data 5. Analyze 6. Conclusion |
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What are the 4 steps of data collection?
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1. Observation
2. Measurement 3. Samples 4. Organization |
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What is an experimentation?
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A control group and experimental group being tested
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What is an analysis?
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Whether or not your data is reliable
Whether or not your hypothesis is correct |
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What is deductive reasoning?
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Conclusions based on general principles
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What is inductive reasoning?
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A way of arriving at general principles from specific facts
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How can a scientific argument change over time?
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New evidence
It cant be tested |
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What are 2 reasons that science is dependent on technology?
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1. Data is used in numbers
2. Comparisons of charts and tables |
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Why is it that without math scientific research wouldn't be possible?
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It would quantitive in nature
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How has math and science increased communication in the cooperate world?
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Math spreadsheets
The internet |
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What are 2 industries that benefit from the advancement of math and technology?
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1. Forensics
2. Meteorology |
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How does technology lead to better scientific explanations?
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It gives more precise in time and space
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How has the advancement of technology gives us a better understanding of solar system throughout history?
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1. Millions of stars in a galaxy
2. The earth revolves around the sun |
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What is anatomy?
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The study of the structure of the body systems
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What is physiology?
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The study of the functions of the body systems
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What is the hierarchical structure of the human body?
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1. Atoms
2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Tissues 5. Organs 6. Organ Systems 7. Organisms |
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What are atoms?
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The smallest part of elements that still keep their original properties
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What are molecules?
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The chemical bonding of atoms that have their own characteristics
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What are tissues?
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A combo of cells in form and type
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What are the 4 basic tissue types
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1. Muscular
2. Nervous 3. Connective 4. Epithelial |
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What are the 2 functions of epithelial tissue?
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1. Provides covering
2. Produces secretion |
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What are the 2 classifications of epithelial tissue?
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1. Cell shape
2. Cell layers |
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Epithelial tissue exist in ______ and doesn't have its own _____
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Sheets
Bloody supply |
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Epithelial tissue is dependent on ______ from nearby _____ for food and oxygen
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Diffusion
Capillaries |
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What are the 3 cell shapes?
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1. Squamous
2. Columnar 3. Cuboidal |
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What are the 3 cell layers?
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1. Simple stratified epithelial tissue- varies on the cell layers
2. Simple epithelial tissue- one layer and is found in areas of absorption, secretion, and filtration 3. Stratified epithelial tissue- many layers and is for protection |
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What does connective tissue do?
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Connects different structues of the body
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Connective tissue has its own blood supply except for where?
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Ligaments
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What are the 4 different types of connective tissue?
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1. Bone
2. Cartilage 3. Adipose 3. Blood vessels |
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What is muscle tissue dedicated to?
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Movement
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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1. Smooth
2. Skeletal 3. Cardiac |
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What does skeletal muscle do and where is it connected?
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It is voluntary and connected to the bones of the body
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What is smooth muscle do and where is it found?
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Smooth muscle is voluntary and found in hallow organs
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What are the 4 hallow organs?
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1. Intestines
2. Bladder 3. Blood vessels 4. Uterus |
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Where is nervous tissue found/ what does it provide the structure of?
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1. Nerves
2. Brain 3. Spinal Cord |
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Nerves are made up of what special cells?
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Neurons
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What do neurons do?
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send electrical impulses throughout the body
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What is myelin?
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Support cells that protect nervous tissue
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Which system works as the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body?
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Circulatory system
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Which system breaks down food so nutrients can pass easily through the blood and body?
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Digestive system
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Which system controls bodily functions?
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Endocrine system
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Which system protects internal tissue from injury, waterproofs the body, helps regulate body temperature, and serves as a barrier for foreign substances?
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Integumentary system
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Which system cleanses the blood and houses white blood cells?
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Lymphatic system
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Which system produces movement through contractions?
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Muscular system
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Which system produces offspring?
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Reproductive system
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Which system is the body's control system and protects from changes in the internal and external environment?
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Nervous system
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Which system keeps all cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide?
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Respiratory system
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Which system provides protection and support from the body, creates movement and stores minerals?
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Skeletal system
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Which system maintains water and electrolyte balance, regulates the acid base balance, and removes all nitrogen containing waste from the body?
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Urinary system
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What are arteries?
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Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart into the capillaries
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What do capillaries serve as?
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The location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluids, and nutrients within the body
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What are veins?
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Blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back into the heart
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What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
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1. Right atrium
2. Left atrium 3. Right ventricle 4. Left ventricle |
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What are the 4 valves of the heart?
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1. Aortic
2. Pulmonary 3. Tricuspid 4. Mitral |
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What side of the heart are the pulmonary and tricuspid valves?
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Right
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What side of the heart are the mitral and aortic valves?
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left
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True or False: Blood that passes through the tricuspid valve enters the left ventricle
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False
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True or False: Blood that passes through the mitral valve enters the pulmonary artery
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False
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True or False: After contraction of the left ventricle, blood enters the aorta
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True
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True or False: After the contraction of the right ventricle, blood enters the pulmonary artery
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True
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True or False: After contractions of the right atrium, blood enters the right ventricle
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True
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True or False: The pulmonary valve ensures that blood stays in the aorta
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False
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What are the primary functions of the lungs?
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To breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
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What is the airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tubes?
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Trachea
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What are bronchial tubes?
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small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs
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What are cilias?
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Tiny hairs in the bronchial tubes that prevent debris from entering into the lungs
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What are the tiny sacs that are surround by capillaries?
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Alveoli
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What do alveoli permit?
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The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
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What factors decrease pulmonary function?
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Smoking
Age Irritating chemicals Pollutants |
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What are the 6 organs of the respiratory system?
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1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx 3. larynx 4. trachea 5. bronchi 6. lungs |
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What are the 2 main systems of the nervous system?
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Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous system |
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What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system?
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Brain
Spinal Cord |
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Which 2 nerves extend beyond the central nervous system and make up the peripheral nervous system?
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Cranial
Spinal |
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What are the 2 sections the peripheral nervous system are divided into?
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Automatic nervous system
Sensory somatic nervous system |
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What does the automatic nervous system control?
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Automatic body functions like heartbeat and digestion
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What 2 types of nerves does the automatic nervous system control?
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Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system |
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What nerve is active when a person is excited or scared?
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Sympathetic nerves
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What nerve is active when a person is sleeping or eating
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Parasympathetic nerves
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What consist of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and controls voluntary actions like walking and talking?
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Sensory somatic nervous system
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What are ganglia?
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A collection of nerve cell bodies
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Nerve cells have _____ that receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to the _____ for interpretation.
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Dendrites
Neurons |
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The _____ of nerves cells connects one neuron to another neuron over a fluid filled gap called _____
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Axon
Synapse |
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What do chemical neurotransmitters do?
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They pass through the synapse to transmit a impulse to another neuron
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What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?
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1. Provide sensory input
2. Provide motor 3. Provide integrative functions within the body |
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The function of the system work together with other body systems to react to ____ and maintain _____ within the body.
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Stimuli
Homeostasis |
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What functions does sensory include?
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Feeling pain
Heat Other stimuli |
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Which areas of the body are more sensitive to stimuli because they have a greater number of sensory neurons?
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fingers
toes face |
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What is it called when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, that sends a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain?
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Reflexes
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Motor functions serve to carry electrical impulses from ____ to the ____
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Central nervous system
Effectors |
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What are the 2 most common effectors?
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Glands
Muscles |
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Decisions made up in the _____ ______ are acted upon by other parts of the body.
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Intergrative function
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How does the intergrative function use sensory information to make decisions?
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By joining together sensory input with memories already stored in the brain.
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True or False: The nervous system directs bodily defenses against external stimuli
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True
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True or False: The nervous system regulates heart and breathing rates
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True
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True or False: The nervous system builds up heat built up by the muscular system
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False
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What are the organs of the digestive system? (from start to finish)
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Mouth/ teeth
Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus |
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What are the 2 parts that make up the digestive system?
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Alimentary canal
Accessory structures |
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What 6 parts does the alimentary canal include?
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1. Mouth
2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small intestine 5. Large intestine 6. Anus |
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What are the 3 parts the small intestine is made up of?
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Duodenum
Jejunum ileum |
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What are the 5 accessory structures of the digestive system?
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1. Teeth
2. Salivary glands 3. Pancreas 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder |
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What is the gastrointestinal tract?
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a long muscular tube with smooth muscle that peristalsis moves food toward the colon and anus
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What are the 2 parts of the gastrointestinal tract?
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Stomach
intestines |
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What is digestion?
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The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food
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What are enzymes?
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Chemicals that breakdown proteins, carbs, and fats into nutrients so the intestine wall can absorb it and give it to the bloodstream
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What is fat laden chime?
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The mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach
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What last longer: fat laden chime or carb laden chime?
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Fat laden chyme
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Carb laden chime advances quickly into the small intestine through
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The pyloric sphincter
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What are the 2 hormones released from the duodenum?
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Secretion
CCK |
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What neutralizes the stomach acid entering the duodenum?
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Bicarbonate
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What are villi?
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Fingerlike projections in the small intestine where absorption occurs.
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What 2 things increase the surface area within the small intestine so that more absorption can take place?
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Villi
Microvilli |
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What are 2 things that each villus contain which are where absorption occur?
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Arterioles
Lymphatic vessels |
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Where does the remaining product of digestion that is not absorbed transported to?
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Colon
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The digestion of carbs occurs where?
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Mouth
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What 2 types of defenses is the immune system made of?
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Innate
Adaptive |
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What 3 things is the immune system made up of?
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1. Tissues
2. Cells 3. Organs that fight illness |
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What does innate defenses do?
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gives a nonspecific type of defense
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Which defense functions the same way every time regardless of the number of pathogens and is the first line of defense of both physical and chemical barriers
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Innate immune
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What are the 3 chemical and physical barriers?
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1. Skin
2. Mucous membranes 3. Digestive enzymes |
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What is phagocytosis?
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an engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells
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What are the 5 things that make up the 2nd line of nonspecific defenses?
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1. Phagocytosis
2. Natural killer cells 3. Interferons 4. Chemotaxis 5. Cytokines |
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What are the 4 main signs of inflammation?
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1. Redness
2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain |
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What do natural killer cells produce?
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Perforins that target cancer and virus cells
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What are perforins?
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pore forming proteins
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What are interferons?
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The body's response of a viral infection to prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days
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What is the method called the leukocytes use to respond to damage body tissues?
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Chemotaxis
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What are cytokines?
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Chemical messengers released by damaged tissues
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What is the process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines and then CAMs guiding the white blood cells to the site of damaged infection?
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Diapedesis
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What is another line for adaptive response and what line of defense do they play?
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Specific defense
3rd line |
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What are the 2 responses that specific defenses make?
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1. Cell mediated
2. Antibody mediated |
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In the antibody branch _____ are produced that are specific for invading _____
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Antibodies
Antigen |
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What are B cells?
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types of small white blood cells
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In a _________ community an individual receives a vaccine that simulates an actual infection by a pathogen, stimulating the body to produce antibodies for future protection
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Active
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In a ____ community an individual doesn't produce their own antibodies but gets them directly from another source like a mom to a baby through breast milk
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Passive
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In cell mediated ______ are primarily responsible for recognizing nonself cells
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T cells
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What are T cells?
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lymphocytes that cause other lymphocytes to act
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What are the 3 steps of T cells destroying nonself cells?
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1. Macrophages capture it
2. A T helper cell binds to it and secrets cytokines that signal the cytotoxic T cell 3. The cytotoxic T cell responds through chemotaxis and destroys it |
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What are the 7 glands of the of the endocrine system and what does it do?
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pineal
pituitary thalamus hypothalamus thyroid thymus adrenal - regulate growth, metabolism |
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What 3 organs have endocrine functions?
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pancreas
testis ovaries |
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What are the 5 organs of the lymphatic system?
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lymph nodes
lymph vessels spleen thymus tonsils |
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What are the 4 organs of the Integumentary system?
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skin
mucous membranes hair nails |
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What are the 7 organs of the reproductive system?
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testes
ovaries penis ovaries vagina breasts uterus |
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What are the 4 organs of the skeletal system?
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bones
ligaments joints cartilage |
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What are the 4 organs of the urinary tract?
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kidney
bladder ureter urethra |
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What is adaption and what system uses it?
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to receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
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What is circulation and what system uses it?
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transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system
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What is nutrition and what system uses it?
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take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
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What is regulation and what system uses it?
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hormonal control of the body functions via the endocrine system
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What is self- duplication and what system uses it?
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production of offspring via the reproductive system
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What are the 8 levels of taxonomy from smallest to largest?
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Species
Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain |
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What is natural selection?
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Process in which individuals of a species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive and reproduce (Survival of the fittest)
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What are genes?
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Stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organisms characteristics
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What are alleles?
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2 or more different forms of a certain gene
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What are nucleic acids?
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A chain of nucleotides
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What are nucleotides?
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molecules that have of a pentose (type of sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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What are the DNA base pairs?
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A-T , C-G
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What are the RNA base pairs?
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A-U , C-G
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What is transcription?
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The process of cells copying the instructions from the DNA into the RNA
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What is translation?
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The process of sending out proteins to entire cell by messenger RNA.
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What are the 6 things that prokaryotic cells have?
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1.cell wall
2. nucleoid 3. organelles 4. plasmids 5. ribosomes 6. flagella |
