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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Osmosis
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Is the movement of water across the membrane.
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Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
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Diffusion
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Cell has a higher concentration of solute outside causing water to move to move out of the cell and causing it to shrink.
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Hypertonic
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Cell has higher concentration of solute inside causing water to flow in and to expand.
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Hypotonic
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When solute concentration are equal and no water movement will ochre, the cell is a ________.
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Isotonic
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Identify two reasons for conducting scientific investigations.
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Establishing procedures, improving quality of life. (answers may vary)
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Hypothesis Steps
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1) identify the problem
2) ask questions and attempt to formulate a solution to the problem 3) formulate the hypothesis |
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Six parts of Scientific Argument
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1) identify problem 2) ask questions 3) hypothesis 4) data collection and experimentation 5) analysis 6) conclusion
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Method whereby conclusions follow from general methods.
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Deductive reasoning
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Method of arriving at general principles from specific facts.
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Inductive reasoning
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The study of the structure of organs and body systems
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Anatomy
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The study of the function of the organs and body systems
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Physiology
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What are the smallest parts of elements that still retain all the original properties of the element?
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Atom
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What is a chemical bonding of atoms that possesses it's own characteristics independent of the atoms?
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Molecule
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What is the basic unit of life?
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The cell
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Cell combine in terms of function and type to form _________.
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Tissues
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Molecules combine to form _____.
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Cells
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At what level does two or more tissues types work together to perform a specific function?
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Organ level
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When organs work together to perform a task the result is____.
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An organ system.
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How many organ systems in the body?
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11
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What is the highest level of organization?
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The organism
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What is the result of all organ systems working together within the body?
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The organism
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What is the Hierarchy of the structure of the human body?
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Organism
Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Molecules Atoms |
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What are the four basic tissue types in humans?
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1) epithelial
2) connective 3) muscular 4) nervous |
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It provides covering or produce secretions.
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Epithelial tissue
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What type of tissue does not have it's own blood supply?
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Epithelial tissue
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What type of tissue is dependent on diffusion from nearby capillaries for food and oxygen?
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Epithelial tissue
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What type of tissue can regenerate easily if well nourished?
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Epithelial tissue
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Epithelial tissues are classified according to two criteria: ________
and ________. |
Number of layers and cell shape.
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What type of tissue contains one layer of cells and is found in body structures where absorption, secretion and filtration occur?
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Simple epithelium
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What type of tissue has more than one layer of cells and serves as protection?
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Stratified epithelium
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What are the shapes of epithelial cell?
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Squamous, cuboidal and columnar
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What type of tissue is found throughout the body?
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Connective tissue
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What type of tissue serves to connect different structures of the body?
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Connective tissue
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What type of tissue commonly has it's own blood supply?
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Connective tissue
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What types of connective tissue does not have it's own blood supply?
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Ligaments
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Name the various types of connective tissue.
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1) bone
2) cartilage 3) adipose (fat) 4) blood vessels |
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What type of tissue is dedicated to producing movement?
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Muscle tissue
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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1) skeletal
2) cardiac 3) smooth |
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What type of movement does skeletal muscle supports and why?
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Voluntary movement because it is connected to the bones in the skeletal system
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What control voluntary movements?
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The brain consciously control voluntary movements
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What type of control is smooth muscle under?
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Involuntary control, which, means it can not be consciously controlled
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What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?
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Smooth muscle
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List some hollow organs.
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1) intestines
2) blood vessels 3) bladder 4) uterus |
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What type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?
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Cardiac muscle
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Cardiac muscle movement is ____.
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Involuntary
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What type of tissue provides the structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves?
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Nervous tissue
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______ are made up of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body.
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Nerves
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What type of support cell help protect the nervous tissue?
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Myelin
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What is another name for the circulatory system?
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Cardiovascular system
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What does the circulatory system consist of?
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1)heart
2) blood vessels (art,veins,arteriolar) 3) blood |
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What organ system supports the circulation and distribution of various substances Throughout the body?
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Circulatory system
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What are some of the substances that the circulation systems distribute throughout the body?
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1) oxygen
2) hormones 3) nutrients from food |
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Hormones released from the endocrine system influence _____.
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Blood pressure
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What organ system helps regulate blood volume and pressure by adjusting urine volume?
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The urinary system
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What organ system controls the blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood to various parts of the body?
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The nervous system
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What hormone helps to preserve vascular health in women?
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Estrogen
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What organ system allows heat to escape by dilating superficial blood vessels?
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The integumentary system
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Where are blood cells formed?
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In the marrow of the bones in the skeletal system
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What organ system manufactures enzymes that break down food?
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Digestive system
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What happened to any food that is not digested?
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Is expelled through the anus
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Where does the absorption of nutrients occur?
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In the small intestine
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What are the parts of the small intestine?
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1) duodenum
2) jejunum 3) ileum |
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What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?
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To produce bile that helps breakdown fats
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What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
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Delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion
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What is the function of the colon?
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Removes water from the waste that remains
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Increased _____ activity increases the motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Skeletal muscle
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What organ system serves to control body functions?
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Endocrine system
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What organs have endocrine functions but does not belong to the endocrine system?
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1) pancreas
2) testis 3) ovaries |
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What are the glands of the endocrine system that regulate process such as growth and metabolism?
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1) pineal
2) pituitary 3) thalamus 4) hypothalamus 5) thyroid 6) thymus 7) adrenal gland |
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What does glands in the endocrine system secrete?
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Hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body
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What organ system provide a means of transportation for some hormones?
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The lymphatic system
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What organ system provide protection for some endocrine glands?
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Muscular system
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What organ system control the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland?
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Nervous system
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What organ system helps regulate body temperature?
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Integumentary system
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What organ system consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails?
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Integumentary system
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What organ system protect internal tissues from injury?
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Integumentary system
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What organ system waterproof the body?
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Integumentary system
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What organ system serves as a barrier to pathogens?
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Integumentary system
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What are organisms capable of producing disease called?
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Pathogens
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What two organ systems provide oxygen and nutrients to the skin to help it remain healthy?
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Respiratory and digestive systems
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How does oxygen and nutrients TRAVEL?
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Through blood vessels in the cardiovascular system
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What organ system pick up excess fluid from the skin to avoid sweeping?
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The lymphatic system
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Hormones from the _____ system regulate hair growth and hydration.
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Endocrine
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What organ system provides shape and support?
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Skeletal system
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What is the function of the skin?
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To protect internal organs, including those in the reproductive system
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What Organ system generates heat that is expelled through the skin as sweat?
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The muscular system
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What organ system activates vitamin D?
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The urinary system
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What Organ system regulates the production of sweat?
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The nervous system
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What organ system interprets stimuli?
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The nervous system
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What organ system adjusts the diameter of blood vessels in the skin?
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The nervous system
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What is lymph?
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A clear fluid rich in antibodies
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What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
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1) lymph nodes
2) lymph vessels 3) spleen 4) thymus 5) tonsils |
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What organ system support the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes?
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The lymphatic system
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What organs system return fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels?
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Lymphatic system
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What organ system helps with proper lymphatic functioning by helping to maintain proper water/acid-base/electrolyte balance of the blood?
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The urinary system
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______ secretions in both the reproductive and integumentary systems prevent bacterial growth.
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Acidic
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What organ system consists of skeletal muscle, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments?
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The muscular system
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What is the function of ligaments in the muscular system?
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To attach bones together to form joints
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What two muscle tissue are NOT part of the muscular system?
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Cardiac and smooth muscle
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What organ system regulates and coordinates the muscle system activities?
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The nervous system
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What organ system releases hormones that influence the muscular system strength?
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The endocrine system
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What organs compose the nervous system?
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1) brain
2) spinal cord 3) nerves |
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What kind of receptors detect stimuli that can occur both inside and outside the body?
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Sensory receptors
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What system help dispose of metabolic wastes and maintain the correct electrolyte balance for proper function of the nerve?
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The urinary system
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What is the main function of the reproductive system?
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To produce offsprings
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What organs compose the reproductive system?
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1) testes
2) penis 3) ovaries 4) vagina 5) breasts |
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What organs house hormones that encourage or suppress activities within the body such as libido and aggression?
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The reproductive organs
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What organs influence the development of masculine or feminine body characteristics?
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The reproductive organs
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What system transport sex hormones?
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The lymphatic system
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What system besides the reproductive system is involved in childbirth?
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The muscular system
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The _____ rate increases during pregnancy.
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Respiratory
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What organ system keeps the body's cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is release from the cells?
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Respiratory system
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What organs compose the respiratory system?
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1) nasal cavity
2) pharynx 3) larynx 4) trachea 5) bronchi 6) lungs |
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The lungs house tiny air sacs called ______.
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Alveoli
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It is through the walls of alveoli that ____ and _____ move in and out of the lungs.
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What organ system aids in breathing by producing volume changes in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?
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The muscular system
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What organ system regulates breathing rate and depth?
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The nervous system
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What organ system provides support and protection for the body and its organs?
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The skeletal system
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What organ system supplies a framework that, when used in conjunction with the muscles, creates movement?
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The skeletal system
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What is the skeletal system composed of?
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1) bones
2) cartilage 3) ligaments 4) joints |
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What organs system serves as storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus?
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The skeletal system
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What minerals are stored in the skeletal system?
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Calcium and phosphorus
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What organ system releases hormones that regulate growth and the release of calcium?
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The endocrine system
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What organ system provides nutrients necessary for the mineralization of bones?
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The digestive system
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Why is vitamin D important?
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Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption into bone
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The muscular system helps place stress on the bones during exercise, which ____ the deposit of calcium into bones.
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Increases
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What organ system recognizes painful stimuli in the bones and joints?
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The nervous system
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Which organ system removes waste such as lactic acid?
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Circulatory (cardiovascular) system
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What organ system supplies oxygen and nutrients?
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Circulatory (cardiovascular) system
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What organ system influences the shape of the skeletal form?
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The reproductive system
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What organ system provides vitamin D necessary for absorbing calcium into bone?
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The integumentary system
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What organ system helps the water and electrolyte balance in the body?
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The urinary system
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What organ system regulates the acid-base balance of the blood?
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The urinary system
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What organ system removes all nitrogen-containing waste from the body?
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The urinary system
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The nitrogen-containing wastes are by-products of the breakdown of _____ and ______.
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Proteins and nucleic acids.
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What organ system helps regulate the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the kidneys?
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The endocrine system
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The ____ synthesizes _____ that must be excreted by the ______.
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Liver, urea, kidneys
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Name the functions of the human body
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1) adaption
2) circulation 3) elimination 4) locomotion 5) nutrition 6) oxygenation 7) regulation 8) self-duplication |
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What is the function of the human body that receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system?
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Adaptation
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What is the function of the human body that transport of oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system?
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Circulation
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What is move function of the human body that remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system?
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Elimination
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What is the function of the human body that allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological system?
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Locomotion
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What is the function of the human body that take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system?
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Nutrition
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What is the function of the human body that take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system?
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Oxygenation
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What is the function of the human body that deals with hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system?
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Regulation
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What is the function of the human body that deals with production of offsprings via the reproductive system?
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Self-duplication
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What is achieved when all the needs of the body are met and all of the organ systems are working properly and the body is in stable state?
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Homeostasis
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What are the cells in the human body called?
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Eukaryotic cells
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What is the use of energy by cells as a result of chemical reactions within the cells?
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Metabolism
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What organ system is known as the transportation highway for the entire body?
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The circulatory system
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What organ contracts and pumps blood throughout the body?
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The heart
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What are the blood vessels that transport blood AWAY from the heart to the capillaries called?
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Arteries
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What are blood vessels that transport blood FROM the capillaries back to the heart called?
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Veins
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What are the tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body?
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Capillaries
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What blood vessels serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients within the body?
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Capillaries
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How many valves does the heart have?
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Four valves
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What is the function of the heart valves?
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Prevent the flow of blood back into the heart's chambers after a contraction
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What are the right side heart valves called?
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Tricuspid and pulmonary
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What are the left side heart valves called?
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Mitral and aortic
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What type of blood enters the heart?
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Deoxygenated blood
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How does the deoxygenated blood enters the heart?
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Through the superior and inferior vena cava
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What is the blood flow in the heart?
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1) travels into the right atrium
2) flows through the tricuspid valve 3) into the right ventricle 4) pushed through pulmonary valve 5) pulmonary artery 6) lungs 7) pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart 8) left atrium 9) mitral valve 10) left ventricle 11) aortic valve 12) aorta 13) out to the body |
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If the mitral valve is damaged, what will occur?
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Back flow of blood into the left atrium
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What happens after contraction of the left ventricle?
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Blood enters the aorta
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What happens after contraction of the right ventricle?
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Blood enters the pulmonary artery
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What happens after contraction of the right atrium?
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Blood enters the right ventricle
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Where does the blood that passes through the tricuspid valve goes?
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It enters the right ventricle
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Where does the blood that passes through the mitral valve goes?
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It enters the left ventricle
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The pulmonary valve ensures that blood stays in the________.
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Pulmonary artery
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What organ system provides for air exchange and supplies tissues with oxygenated blood?
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The respiratory system
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What is the primary function of the lungs?
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Breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide
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What are the tiny hairs within the bronchial tubes?
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Cilia
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What is the function of cilia?
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Keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs
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What carries the oxygen into the bloodstream?
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Red blood cells
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What is the (CNS) central nervous system?
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The brain and spinal cord
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What is the (PNS) peripheral nervous system?
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Cranial and spinal nerves
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What is the (PNS) peripheral nervous system divided into?
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The autonomic nervous system and the sensory-somatic nervous system
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What system controls automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion?
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The autonomic nervous system
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What system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia?
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The sensory-somatic nervous system
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What system includes both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves?
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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What nerves are active when a person is scared or exited?
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Sympathetic nerves
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What nerves are active when a person is eating or at rest?
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Parasympathetic nerves
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What is a collection of nerve cell bodies called?
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Ganglia
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What system controls voluntary actions, like talking and walking?
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The sensory-somatic nervous system
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What are specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages?
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Neurons
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What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
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1) sensory
2) motor 3) integrative |
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What are chemicals that breakdown proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients?
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Enzymes
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What enzyme begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates?
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Amylase
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What is the propulsion of food through the gastrointestinal tract called?
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Peristalsis
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Where does the digestion of carbohydrates begins?
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In the mouth
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The surface area for absorption in the small intestine is increased as a result of:____ and_____
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Vili and microvili
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What system is composed of innate and adaptive defenses?
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The immune system
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Define innate defenses
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Nonspecific
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Define adaptive defenses
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Specific
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Engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells
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Phagocytosis
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Perforins are produced by what type of cell?
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Natural killer cell (NK)
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What kind of immunity is produced by a a vaccine?
|
Artificial acquired active immunity
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What is release by damaged cells in an effort to draw white blood cells to the area of damage?
|
Cytokines
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What is the physiological benefit of a mild to moderate fever?
|
Enhances destruction of pathogens
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Where are fertility rates higher?
|
Less developed countries
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What factors affect birth rates?
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Religion
Culture Economy Government Literacy Infant mortality rates Abortions Family planning access |
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What is fertility rates?
|
The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years
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What are childbearing years?
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15 to 44
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What is replacement rates?
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Number of births needed to maintain the population at it's current number
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What is the number of births per 1,000 people per year called?
|
Crude birth rate
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What is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year called?
|
Crude death rate
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|
Taxonomy Hierarchy of the Biological Classification System
|
1) domain
2) kingdom 3) phylum 4) class 5) order 6) family 7) genus 8) species 6) |
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Name all six Kingdoms
|
1) animalia
2) fungi 3) plantae 4) protista |
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Name the three Domain
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1) archaea
2) eubacteria 3) eukarya |
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What is the term for when blood of two different types clumps because of different antibodies?
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Agglutination
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What occurs when two similar molecules come together through commonality?
|
Cohesion
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What is it called when two liquids cannot mix and are suspended?
|
Emulsion
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What is a suspension that does not separate because particles are dispersed throughout a different substance?
|
Colloid
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What is the type of anaerobic respiration whereby energy is released without the aid of oxygen?
|
Fermentation
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What is the electron acceptor used in fermentation?
|
Pyruvate
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What is sublimation?
|
Occurs when a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming a liquid first
|
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Who was the first to study and write about species adaptation?
|
Charles Darwin
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Who wrote "on the origin of species"?
|
Charles Darwin
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Occurs when some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than others.
|
Natural selection
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Survival of the fittest
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Natural selection
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Are responsible for heredity
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Genes
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Stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism's characteristics
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Genes
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Changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions
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Mutations
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Permanent changes in DNA sequences
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Mutations
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Their job is to store and transmit hereditary information.
|
Nucleic acids
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Nucleic acids
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DNA and RNA
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A type of sugar
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Pentose
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Molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells
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Nitrogenous base
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Five types of Nitrogenous Bases
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Adenine
Cytosine Guanine Thymine Uracil |
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Nitrogenous bases found in both DNA and RNA
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Adenine
Cytosine Guanine |
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Nitrogenous bases that is found uniquely on DNA
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Thymine
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Nitrogenous bases that is found uniquely RNA
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Uracil
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Molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together
|
Phosphate group
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In DNA, adenine always pairs with:
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Thymine
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In DNA, guanine always pairs with:
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Cytosine
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Pentose component in DNA
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Deoxyribose
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Pentode component in RNA
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Ribose
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Genetic blueprint ppof the cell
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DNA
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Cells copy the instructions In the DNA into RNA
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Transcription
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