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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
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provide covering
produce secretions |
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Does epithelial tissue have its own blood supply?
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no
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How does epithelial tissue get food and oxygen?
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diffusion from nearby capilaries
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what is the function of connective tissue?
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serves to connect different structures
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does connective tissue have it's own blood supply?
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yes, except for ligaments
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what are the types of connective tissue?
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bone
cartilage adipose blood vessels |
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what is the function of muscle tissue?
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to produce movement
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what are the types of muscle tissue?
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skeletal
cardiac smooth |
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what are voluntary movements?
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consciously controlled by the brain
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what are involuntary movements?
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cannot be consciously controlled
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what muscle tissues are voluntary?
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skeletal
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what muscle tissues are involuntary?
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cardiac and smooth
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where is smooth muscle found?
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walls of hollow organs
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where is cardiac muscle found?
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heart
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what is the function of nervous tissue?
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provides structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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what are nerves made up of and what do they do?
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specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body
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what protects nervous tissue?
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myelin
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what does the circulatory system consist of?
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heart
blood vessels blood |
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what does the circulatory system do?
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supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body.
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True or false
hormones released from the endocrine system influence blood pressure. |
true
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true or false
the urinary system helps regulate blood volume and pressure by adjusting urine volume. |
true
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what system controls the blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood to various parts of the body.
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nervous system
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what system allows heat to escape by dilating superficial blood vessels.
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integumentary system
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where are blood cells formed?
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bone marrow
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what organs are included in the digestive system?
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esophagus
stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus liver pancreas |
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what do enzymes do?
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break down food so that nutrients can be easily passed into the blood for use throughout the body
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where does food that is not digested go?
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anus
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where does the absorption of nutrients occur?
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small intestine
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what are the parts of the small intestine?
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duodenum
jejunum ileum |
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what organ of the digestive system removes water from waste that remains?
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colon
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what does the liver do?
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produces bile that helps break down fats
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what does the pancreas do?
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delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion.
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true or false
decreased skeletal muscle activity increases the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. |
false, increased
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What is the function of the endocrine system?
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controls body functions
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______ in the endocrine system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body.
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glands
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what do glands do?
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regulate processes such as growth and metabolism
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what system provides a means of transportation for some hormones in the endocrine system?
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lymphatic system
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what system provides protection for some glands in the endocrine system?
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muscular system
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what system controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland?
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nervous system
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what does the integumentary system consist of?
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skin
hair nails mucous membranes |
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what is the function of the integumentary system?
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protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, helps regulate body temperature, servers as a barrier to pathogens.
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what two systems provide oxygen and nutrients to the skin to help it remain healthy?
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respiratory and digestive systems
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what system picks up excess fluid from the skin to avoid swelling?
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lymphatic system
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what system provides the integumentary system with shape and support?
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skeletal system
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what system regulates hair growth and hydration for the integumentary system?
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hormones in the endocrine system
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what system generates heat that is expelled through the skin as sweat?
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muscular system
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what system activates vitamin D for the integumentary system?
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urinary system
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what system regulates the production of sweat, interprets stimuli, and adjusts the diameter of blood vessels in the skin?
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nervous system
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what does the lymphatic system consist of?
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lymph nodes
lymph vessels lymph spleen thymus tonsils |
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what do lymph vessels carry?
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lymph
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what is lymph?
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a clear fluid rich in antibodies
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what does the lymphatic system do?
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supports the immune system by housing and transporting WBCs to and from lymph nodes.
Also returns fluid that has leaked from the circulatory system back into the blood vessels. |
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how does the urinary system help with proper functioning of the lymphatic system?
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helping to maintain proper water/acid-base/electrolyte balance of the blood.
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true or false
the brain helps control the immune response |
true
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acidic secretions from what two body systems prevent bacterial growth?
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reproductive and integumentary systems
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what does the muscular system consist of?
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skeletal muscles
tendons ligaments |
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true or false
cardiac and smooth muscle included in the muscular system. |
false
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what system releases hormones that influence muscular strength?
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endocrine system
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what are tendons?
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connect muscles to bones
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what are ligaments
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attach bones together to form joints
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what system regulates and coordinates muscle activity?
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nervous system
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what system encourages larger muscle size in men?
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reproductive system
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true or false
bones provide levers for muscular activity. |
true
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what does the nervous system consist of?
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brain
spinal cord nerves |
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what is the function of the nervous system?
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serves as the body's control system
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what do sensory recepters do?
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detect stimuli that can occur both inside and outside the body
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what system releases hormones that regulate the activity of neurons?
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endocrine system
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what system helps dispose of metabolic wastes and maintains the correct electrolyte balance for proper nerve function?
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urinary system
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what is the main purpose of the reproductive system?
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to produce offspring
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what does the reproductive system consist of?
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testes
penis vagina ovaries breasts |
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true or false
the reproductive system houses hormones that encourage or suppress activities within the body (libido and aggression) |
true
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what system transports sex hormones
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lymphatic system
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what system is used in child birth along with the reproductive system?
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muscular system
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true or false
respiratory rate decreases during pregnancy |
false, it increases
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what is the function of the respiratory system?
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keeps the body's cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is released from cells.
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what does the respiratory system consist of?
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nasal cavity
pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs |
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what are alveoli and where are they located?
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tiny air sacs, move oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the lungs via arterioles
lungs |
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how does the muscular system help with breathing?
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by producing volume changes (the diaphragm and intercostal muscles)
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what system regulates breathing rate and depth?
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nervous system
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what is the function of the skeletal system?
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provides support and protection for the body and organs and supplies a framework that, when used in conjunction with the muscles, creates movement. serves as storage for minerals like calcium and phosphorous
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what does the skeletal system consist of?
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bones
cartilage ligaments joints |
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what system releases hormones that regulate growth and the release of calcium?
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endocrine system
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what system provides nutrients necessary for the mineralization of bones?
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digestive system
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what system acivates vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption into bone?
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urinary system
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True or false
when the muscular system helps place stress on the bones during exercise, the deposit of calcium is increased into bones |
true
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what system supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing wastes such as lactic acid
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circulatory system
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what system influences the shape of the skeletal form?
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reproductive system
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what system provides vitamin D necessary for absorbing calcium into bone
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integumentary system
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what is the function of the urinary system?
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helps maintain the water and electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chloride) balance within the body.
regulates acid-base balance of blood removes all nitrogen containing wastes from the body |
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what are nitrogen containing wastes from?
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the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids
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what system helps regulate the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the kidneys?
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endocrine system
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what organ from the digestive system synthesizes urea?
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liver
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what must be excreated by the kidneys?
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urea
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a standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are a the sides with palms facing forward.
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anatomical position
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toward the upper end of the body or body structure
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superior
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toward the lower end of the body or body structure
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inferior
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toward the front of the body or body structure
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anterior
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toward the back of the body or body structure
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posterior
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toward the middle of the body or body structure
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medial
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toward the outer sides of the body or body structure
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lateral
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between medial and lateral
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intermediate
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close to the origin of the body or point of attachment
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proximal
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away from the origin of the body or point of attachment
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distal
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toward or at the body surface
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superficial
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away from or below the body surface
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deep
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cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts
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sagittal section
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sagittal section made down the median of the body
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midsagittal section
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cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions
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transverse section (cross section)
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cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions
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frontal section (coronal section)
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contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
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dorsal body cavity
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contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen
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ventral body cavity
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what divides the ventral body cavity into the thoracic cavity
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diaphragm
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what two cavites are inferior to the diaphragm
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abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity |
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what type of tissue is bone?
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connective tissue
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what type of tissue is the brain?
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nervous tissue
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what type of tissue is the heart?
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muscle tissue
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what type of tissue is skin?
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epithelial tissue
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This system breaks down food so that the nutrients can be easily passed into the blood and circulated throughout the body.
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digestive system
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this system helps cleanse the blood and houses the WBCs that are involved in protecting the body from environmental pathogens.
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lymphatic system
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this system helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance within the body, regulates the acid-base balance in the blood, and removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body.
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urinary system
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this system keeps all the cells in the body supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
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respiratory system
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this system produces movement through contractions.
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muscular system
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this system produces offspring
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reproductive system
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this system protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature. This system also serves as a barrier to foreign substances.
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integumentary system
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this system provides support and protection for the body, supplies a framework used to create movement, and serves as storage for minerals, such as calcium.
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skeletal system
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this system acts as the body's control system and is necessary to protect the body from changes in the internal and external environment.
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nervous system
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this system controls body functions
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endocrine system
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this system works as the transportation system for substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body.
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circulatory system
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what are capillaries and what do they do?
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- tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body.
- serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients within the body |
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what are the four chambers of the heart?
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right atrium
right ventricle left atrium left ventricle |
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what are the four valves and list whether they are on the right or left side of the heart.
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tricuspid valve, right side
pulmonary valve, right side mitral valve, left side aortic valve, left side |
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what do valves do?
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prevent to flow of blood back into the heart's chambers after a contraction
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Trace the flow of blood in the heart. Be specific to when blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated.
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Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava and travels to the right atrium. Contraction pushes blood into the tricuspid valve and then into the right ventricle. Then through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery and into the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated. Oxygenated blood is carried back to the heart by the pulmonary veins and then goes to the left atrium. Blood is pushed through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. Contraction forces the blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta where it is transported out to the entire body.
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If the mitral valve is damaged, what problem would occur?
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backflow of blood into the left atrium
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true or false
blood that passes through the tricuspid valve enters the left ventricle. |
false, it enters the right ventricle
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true or false
blood that passes through the mitral valve enters the pulmonary artery. |
false, it enters the left ventricle
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true or false
after contraction of the left ventricle, blood enters the aorta. |
true
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true or false
after contraction of the right ventricle, blood enters the pulmonary artery. |
true
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true or false
after contraction of the right atrium, blood enters the right ventricle. |
true
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true or false
the pulmonary valve ensures that blood stays in the aorta. |
false, ensures that blood stays in the pulmonary artery.
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what is the primary function of the lungs?
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breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
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Describe the order of breathing
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air is inhaled through the nose into the trachea, passing into the right and left bronchial tubes. Cilia in the bronchial tubes keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs. After leaving the bronchial tubes, air travels into the alveoli where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur. The oxygen is transported by RBCs into the bloodstream
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where does oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?
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in the lungs by alveoli
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how does inspiration occur?
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the diaphragm contracts, pulls air into the lungs
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how does expiration occur?
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the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is forced out of the body
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it is through the walls of the _____ that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the capillaries in the lungs.
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alveoli
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the nervous system is divided into which two parts?
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CNS
PNS |
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what are the parts of the CNS?
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brain
spinal cord |
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what are the parts of the PNS?
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cranial and spinal nerves that extend beyond the CNS
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what two parts is the PNS divided into?
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autonomic nervous system
sensory-somatic nervous system |
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what does the autonomic nervous system do? What two types of nerves are included?
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-controls automatic body responses like heartbeat and digestion
-parasympathetic nerves -sympathetic nerves |
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what are parasympathetic nerves?
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active when a person is eating or at rest
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what are sympathetic nerves?
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fight or flight response
active when a person is excited or scared |
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what does the sensory-somatic nervous system consist of? what does it control?
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12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and ganglia
controls voluntary action like talking and walking |
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what is the function of dendrites?
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receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to the neurons for interpretation.
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what are neurons and what do they do?
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specialized cells that make up the nervous system
transmit messages |
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The ______ of nerve cells connects one neuron with another neuron over a synapse.
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dendrites
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Chemical ________ pass through the synapsee to transmit an impulse to another neuron.
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neurotransmitters
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What does the sensory function of the nervous system consist of?
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feeling pain, heat, and other stimuli
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which body parts are more sensitive to stimuli and have a greater number of sensory neurons?
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face, fingers, and toes
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when does a reflex occur?
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when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turn sends a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain.
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The motor function serves to carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the ________, which are most commonly the glands and muscles. In this way, decisions that are made from integrative function are acted upon by other parts of the body.
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effectors
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how does the integrative function of the nervous system use sensory information to make decisions?
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by joining together sensory input with memories already stored in the brain.
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true or false
The integrative function uses sensory information to develop thoughts and feelings up which decisions may be based at a later time. |
true
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true or false
the nervous system directs the bodily defenses against external stimuli. |
true
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true or false
the nervous system regulates heart and breathing rates. |
true
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true or false
the nervous system supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. |
false, respiratory system does this
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true or false
the nervous system releases heat built up by the muscular system |
false, integumentary system does this
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what type of tissue is in the gastrointestinal tract?
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smooth muscle
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what is peristalis and where does it occur?
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- rhytmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus.
- occurs in the gastrointestinal tract |
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what do enzymes do?
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break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.
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what is salivary amalase?
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an enzyme from the parotid salivary glands, begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
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trace bolus of food to the stomach and explain what happens.
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once swallowed, passes through esophagus and into the stomach. cells in the stomach lining secrete mucus for lubrication, an enzyme to begin protein digestion (protease), hydrochloric acid, an intrinsic factor, which increases the stomach's absorption of vitamin B12. Mechanical churning of the stomach continues to break down food into chyme
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what is chyme?
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the mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes from the stomach
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what releases chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?
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pyloric sphincter
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trace bolus of food in the small intestine. what is released and what does it do?
|
pyloric sphincter releases chyme into the small intestine. the duodenum releases two hormones ( secretin and cholecystokinin CCK). secretin travels to the pancreas to trigger release of bicarbonate. secretin also triggers the release of pancreatic enzymes that further aid in chemical digestion in the small intestine. CCK is released from the duodenum and initiates bile release in the gallbladder, while decreasing motility and acid production by the stomach.
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what does bicarbonate do?
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neutralizes the stomach acid entering the duodenum
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where does absorption of nutrients occur?
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in the small intestine through villi
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where do the remaining products of digestion that are not absorbed go to?
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colon
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where does absorption of water take place?
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colon
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where does digestion of carbohydrates begin?
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mouth
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what increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
|
villi and microvilli
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what two types of defenses make up the immune system?
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innate (nonspecific)
adaptive (specific) |
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which lines of defense are nonspecific?
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first line of defense
second line of defense |
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what line of defense is specific?
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third line of defense
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what is included in the first line of defense?
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physical and chemical barriers
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what is included in the second line of defense?
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fever, inflammation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, interferons, chemotaxis, release of cytokines
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what do natural killer cells produce and what do they target?
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perforins, cancer and virus cells
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what are interferons?
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the body's response to viral infection
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what does the third line of defense include?
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humoral (antibody mediated) response
cell mediated response |
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What does the circulatory system transport?
|
oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, nutrients, and hormones
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what are the three layers of the heart wall? Define them too.
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endocardium = inner lining
myocardium = muscle layer pericardium = outer covering |
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what do capillaries do?
|
facilitate the movement of oxygen and nutrients into the cells and carbon dioxide and waste products away from the cells.
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90% of the absorption of all nutrients takes place where?
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small intestine
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where does 10% of absorption take place?
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stomach and large intestine
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which nervous system controls digestion?
|
autonomic nervous system
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where does the process of digestion begin?
|
mouth
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what are the accessary structures that aid the early stages of digestion and what do they do? (6)
|
1. Tongue = assists process of chewing and moves food to a position where it can be swallowed easily
2. Salivary glands = begin process of chemical digestion through the secretion of the enzyme, salivary amylase. This enzyme begins breaking down carbs. Saliva also moistens food to help it get swallowed easier. 3. teeth = break down food mechanically into smaller particles that can be digested easier. 4. pharynx = allows passage of both food and air 5. Epiglottis = a flap attached to the entrance of the larynx 6. Esophagus = tube that leads to the stomach |
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what are 6 functions of the liver?
|
1. manufacturing bile which breaks down fats
2. helps maintain normal blood glucose levels 3. produces blood proteins, prothrombin and fibrinogen which have a role in blood clotting 4. stores iron derived from food or the by-product of the breakdown of worn out RBCs 5. stores vitamins A, D, E, & K that have been extracted from food ingested 6. heat production due to the high amount of metabolic activity |
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what does the gallbladder do?
|
concentrates and stores bile that is produced in the liver. it then releases bile when it is needed for digestion after a fatty meal.
|
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what does the pancreas do?
|
~both and endocrine and exocrine gland.
~produces pancreatic juices, containing enzymes ~produces the hormones insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream (endocrine function) |
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what are fat-soluble vitamins and what are the types?
|
can be stored in the body
A, D, E and K |
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what are water-soluble vitamins and what are the types?
|
should be replenished every day
B and C |
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what part of the brain is the center for thought and inteligence and has areas for hearing, speech, smell, sight, memory, learning, motor and sensory?
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cerebrum
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what part of the brain functions in learning, reasoning, language and memory?
|
cerebral cortex
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what part of the brain functions to control voluntary muscles, balance and muscle tone?
|
cerebellum
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what part of the brain controls heart rate, breathing, coughing, swallowing, and vomitting?
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medulla
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what acts as a message pathway from the brain to the rest of the body?
|
spinal cord
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what is the major function of kidneys?
|
separate waste material by filtering blood
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