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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
morphology
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the analysis of the structure of words
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Morpheme
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a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function
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free morpheme
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a morpheme that can stand by itself as a single word
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bound morpheme
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a morpheme that cannot stand alone and must be attached to another form (e.g. un-,-ed; undressed)
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affix
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a bound morpheme added to a word (e.g. un-, -ful; uneventful)
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stem
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the base form to which affixes are attached
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lexical morpheme
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a free morpheme that is a content word such as a noun or verb
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functional morpheme
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a free morpheme that is used as a function word such as a conjunction or a preposition (e.g. and, in)
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Derivational morpheme
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a bound morpheme used to make new words or words of a different grammatical category (e.g. –ish; N [boy] + -ish = Adj [boyish])
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Inflectional morpheme
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a bound morpheme used to indicated grammatical function of a word, also can an “inflection” (e.g. –s, dogs; -ed, walked)
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Morph
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an actual form used as part of a word, representing one version of a morpheme
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Allomorph
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one of a closely related set of morphs
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Reduplication
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in a language, the process of repeating all or part of a form (e.g. In Ilocano, the plural form of a noun is produced by repeating the singular form of the word; dálan becomes daldálan)
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Grammar
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the analysis of the structure of phrases and sentences
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Noun
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N; a word used to describe a person, thing, or idea (e.g. boy, bicycle, freedom)
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Pronoun
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Pro; a word used in place of a noun phrase (e.g. it, them)
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Proper noun
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PN; a noun with an initial capital letter, used as the name of someone or something (e.g. Cathy, London)
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Article
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Art; a word used with a noun (e.g. a, an, the)
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Adjective
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a word used with a noun to provide more information (e.g. happy, strange)
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Verb
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V; a words used to describe an action, event, or state (e.g. go, drown, know)
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Adverb
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a word used with a verb or adjective to provide more information (e.g. slowly, really)
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Preposition
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Prep; a word used with a noun phrase (e.g. in, with)
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Noun phrase
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NP; a phrase containing a noun plus other constituents (e.g. the boy, an old bicycle)
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Prepositional phrase
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PP; a phrase consisting of a preposition plus a noun phrase (e.g. with a dog)
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Verb phrase
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VP; a phrase containing a verb and other constituents (e.g. saw a dog)
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Conjunction
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a word used to make connections between words, phrases, and sentences (e.g. and, because)
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Agreement
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a grammatical connection between two parts of a sentence, as in the connection between subject and the form of a verb (e.g. Cathy loves chocolate.)
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Number (category)
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the grammatical category of nouns as singular or plural
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Person (category)
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the grammatical category distinguishing first person (involving the speaker; me), second person (involving the hearer; you), and third person (involving any others; she, them)
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Tense
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the grammatical category distinguishing forms of the verb as present tense and past tense
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Active voice
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the form of a verb used to say what the subject does (e.g. He stole it.)
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Passive voice
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the form of the verb used to say what happens to the subject (e.g. The car was stolen.)
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Gender
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a term used in 3 ways: 1) a biological distinction between male and female; 2) a distinction between classes of nouns as masculine, feminine (, or neuter); 3) a distinction between the social roles of men and women
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Natural gender
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a biological distinction between male and female
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Grammatical gender
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a distinction between classes of nouns as masculine, feminine (, or neuter)
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Prescriptive approach
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an approach to grammar that has rules for the proper use of the language, traditionally based on Latin grammar
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Descriptive approach
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an approach to grammar that is based on a description of the structures actually used in a language, as opposed to what “should” be used
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Structural analysis
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the investigation of the distribution of grammatical forms in a language
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Constituent analysis
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a grammatical analysis fo how small constituents (or components) go together to form larger constituents in sentences
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Hierarchical organization
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the analysis of constituents in a sentence showing which constituents are higher than and contain other constituents
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Generative grammar
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a set of rules defining the possible sentences in a language
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Surface structure
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the different syntactic forms of individual sentences; a superficial difference
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Deep structure
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the underlying structure of sentences as represented by phrase structure rules
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Structural ambiguity
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a situation in which a single phrase or sentence has two (or more) different underlying structures and interpretations
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Recursion
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the repeated application of a rule in generating structures
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Tree diagram
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a diagram with branches showing the hierarchical organization of structures
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Phrase structure rules
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rules stating that the structure of a phrase of a specific type consists of one or more constituents in a particular order
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Lexical rules
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rules stating which words can be used for constituents generated by phrase structure rules
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Movement rules
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rules that are used to move constituents in structures derived from phrase structure rules. They have a special rewrite arrow: ⇒
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Auxiliary verb
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Aux; a verb used with another verb (e.g. will)
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Complementizer
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a word introducing a compliment phrase (e.g. that)
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Complement phrase
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a structure used to complete a construction beginning with another structure (e.g. Cathy knew [that Mary helped George].)
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Neologism
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a new word
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Etymology
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the study of the origin and history of words
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Coinage
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the invention of new words (e.g. Xerox)
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Eponyms
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a word derived from the name of a person or place (e.g. sandwich)
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Borrowing
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the process of taking words from other languages (e.g. karaoke)
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Loan-translation
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a type of borrowing in which each element of a word is translated into the borrowing language, also called calque (e.g. grate-ciel “scrape- sky” for skyscraper)
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Calque
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a type of borrowing in which each element of a word is translated into the borrowing language, also called loan-translation (e.g. grate-ciel “scrape- sky” for skyscraper)
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Compounding
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the process of combining two (or more) words to form a new word (e.g. waterbed)
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Blending
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the process of combining the beginning of one word and the end of another word to form a new word (e.g. brunch from breakfast and lunch)
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Clipping
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the process of reducing a word of more than one syllable to a shorter form (e.g. ad from advertisement)
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Hypocorisms
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a word-formation process in which a longer word is reduced to a shorter form with –y or –ie at the end (e.g. telly, movie)
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Backformation
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the process of reducing a word such as a noun to a shorter version and using it as a new word such as a verb (e.g. babysit from babysitter)
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Conversion
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the process of changing the function of a word, such as a noun to a verb, as a way of forming new words, also known as “category change” or “functional shift” (e.g. vacation in They’re vacationing in Florida.)
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Prefix
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a bound morpheme added to the beginning of a word (e.g. un-, unhappy)
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Suffix
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a bound morpheme added to the end of a word (e.g. –ness, illness)
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Infix
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a morpheme that is inserted in the middle of a word (e.g. -rn-, srnal)
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Analogy
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a process of forming a new word to be similar in some way to an existing word (e.g. hippie, yippie, yuppie, yappie)
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