Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which cell changes can be physiologic or pathologic?
|
hyperplasia
hypertrophy metaplasia |
|
|
Which cell changes are always pathologic?
|
Dysplasia or neoplasia
|
|
|
Inc in cell #, usually associated with inc in tissue mass
|
hyperplasia
|
|
|
Physiologic hyperplasia changes
|
hormonal (change in breast during puberty)
compensatory (contralateral kidney) |
|
|
Pathologic hyperplasia changes
|
Endometrial hyperplasia
BPH |
|
|
difference between normal thyroid and multinodular thyroid hyperplasia
|
more blue, more fibrous appearance
|
|
|
Inc in cell size
|
hypertrophy
|
|
|
Pathologic hypertrophy ex.
|
cardiomyocytes and inc afterload
|
|
|
Change of one differentiated cell type into another differentiated cell type (usually reversible)
|
metaplasia
|
|
|
Ex of metaplasia
|
smoking and respiratory epithelium
Barrett esophagus |
|
|
abnormal hyperplasia
|
dysplasia
|
|
|
atypical proliferation of cells w/ abnormal appearance or disorderly arrangement
|
dysplasia
|
|
|
variation in size and shape
|
pleomorphism
|
|
|
dark staining of nuclei
|
hyperchromasia
|
|
|
What are the dark lines within the epithelium that can signify dysplasia?
|
mitotic figures
|
|
|
abnormal growth of tissue
|
neoplasia
|
|
|
3 categories of neoplasia
|
well differentiated
poorly differentiated anaplastic: lack of cellular differentiation |
|
|
Key characteristic of neoplasia v. dysplasia
|
autonomous
|
|
|
Morbidity from benign lesions
|
size, anatomic location, production of hormone or other cell products
|
|
|
key differentiation between benign and malignant
|
benign is unable to spread
|
|
|
suffix of benign neoplasms
|
-oma (osteoma, chondroma, adenoma)
|
|
|
histology keys of benign neoplasms
|
resembles normal counterpart
well differentiated low mitotic rate generally well circumscribed no metastasis |
|
|
syndrome where symptoms are not due to local presence of neoplastic cells
|
paraneoplastic syndrome
|
|
|
when is dysplasia reversible?
|
Very early
|
|
|
When does dysplasia shift to carcinoma in situ?
|
changes involve full thickness of epithelium
|
|
|
When does carcinoma in situ shift to carcinoma?
|
invade surrounding tissue (break through BM)
|
|
|
Term for malignant neoplasms in mesenchyme
|
sarcomas
|
|
|
Term for malignant neoplasms in epithelium
|
carcinoma (adenocarcinoma, SCC)
|
|
|
most common solid tumor
|
carcinoma
|
|
|
Where are well defined cancers almost always malignant?
|
Lung
|
|
|
What patient population are sarcomas more common in?
|
children and adolescents
|
|
|
histology of malignant neoplasms (4)
|
atypia
poorly circumscribed/invasive high mitotic rate metastases |
|
|
what usually happens to promote autonomous neoplastic growth?
|
A series of mutational events (except for CML)
|
|
|
two purposes of dx work-up
|
identify type of tumor
identify extent of disease |
|
|
differentiation between squamous cells in PAP smear
|
much greater nuclear size in dysplastic changes
|
|
|
Grade v. stage
|
Grade is more histologic (high grade looks more abnormal)
-well differentiated -moderately -poorly |
|
|
Anatomic stage refers to what?
|
Extent of spread
|
|
|
TNM with staging?
|
Tumor size (0-4)
Node involvement (0-4) Metastasis (0,+) can be 0-IV |
