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72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Pharmacology
science that studies drug effects in a living system.
Pharmacopeia
all auth drugs in a country, contains description, recipes, strengths, standards of purity, and dosages forms.
Drug
any substance used in Dx, cure, Tx, or prevention of a disease or condition.
Chemical name
Precise description of the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure
Generic Name
-(Nonproprietary name)-official name, assigned by the manufacturer with the approval of the United States Adopted Name Council.
Trade or Brand Name
(proprietary name)-copyrighted by the individual drug company.
Legend drug
-(prescription drugs) requires a legal prescription
OTC
Non prescription drugs AKA. Are considered safe and effective drugs for self treatment by the public.
Sources of Drugs
Digtalis
from foxglove
Vincristine
from periwinkle
Codeine & Morphine
from poppy
Atropine
from deadly nightshade
Epinephrine
naturally occurring catecholamine, from adrenal medulla
Insulin
naturally occurring hormone, from Isles of Langerhans in Pancreas
Mineral or Mineral Products
Iron
Iodine
Epsom Salts (Magnesium Sulfate)
Synthetic or chemical substances
Sodium Bicarbonate
Magnesium Hydroxide
Pharmacotherapeutics
clinical pharmacy. Drugs used to prevent, treat and diagnose.
Peak
highest plasma concentration attained from drug dose.
Trough
lowest plasma concentration provided by a single drug dose.
Orphan drugs
medicines that have not been profitable to develop and market.
Placebo effect
clinical improvement in response to a placebo.
Therapeutic Index (TI)
A quantitative measure of the relative safety of a drug; the ratio of the lethal dose to the the effective dose.
Controlled Substances Act
1970 provide increased research into, and prevention of drug abuse and drug dependence
Schedule 1
High abuse potential no accepted medical use, i.e (heroin, marijuana, LSD, mescaline)
Schedule 2
High abuse potential
Accepted medical uses
No rx refills allowed
Must have legend affixed
Morphine, codeine, meperidine, methadone, oxycodone, cocaine, amphetamines (Ritalin)
Schedule III
Less abuse potential than I & II
Accepted medical uses
Rx expires in 6 months
No more than 5 rx refills allowed within 6 month period
Tylenol # 3, Vicodan, anabolic steroids, Marinol
Schedule IV
Lower abuse potential
Written or oral Rx required
Diazepam, phenobarbital, flurazepam, Ambien, Ativan
Schedule V
Very limited potential for dependency
Written or oral Rx required
Opioid-controlled substances for diarrhea or cough, (ex..Lomotil, Robutussin AC c codeine)
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Mandated that all drug manufacturers must test all drugs for harmful effects and that drug labels must be accurate and complete.
Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1952
Distinguished more clearly between drugs that can be sold with or without a prescription and those that cannot be refilled
Orphan Drug Act of 1983
Provided incentives for the development of orphan drugs for treatment of rare diseases.
Pregnancy Cat A
No risk in first trimester
Pregnancy Cat B
Animal studies indicate no risk
Pregnancy Cat C
Animal studies indicate adverse effects
Pregnancy Cat D
Positive human fetal risk
Pregnancy Cat X
Fetal abnormalities reported (AKA Teratogens)
Drug Development
Phase 1
Establish safe dose range using small group of HEALTHY persons
Drug Development
Phase 2
Clinical Trials; double blind study
Drug Development
Phase 3
Several sites large amount of participants
Nuremberg Code
Truly Voluntary
Valid
Risks justified
Disability will be avoided
Conduct in a professional manor
Subject may terminate at any point
Drug action results from
a physiochemical interaction between the drug and a functionally important molecule in the body.
3 Phases of Drug Action
Pharmceutical phase
Pharmacokinetic phase
Pharmacodynamic phase
Pharmacokinetic Activities
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Bioavailability
is the % of drug to reach the systemic system.
Absorption and variables that affect absorption
Nature of the absorbing surface
Blood flow to the site of administration
Solubility of the drug
pH
Drug concentration
Dosage form (oral suspension most well absorbed) Intestines are Alkaline/stomach is more acidic
Gastric motility and emptying time effects absorption
Routes of administration
Enteral (Oral, gastric, small intestine, rectalgood vascular area for absorption fecal matter may effect absorption.
Parental-most rapid absorption
SQ slower absorption
IM more rapid than SQ can give higher volume of drug
IV produces immediate response
Pulmonary gives quick absorption and response
Topical rapid absorption
Distribution
Transport of a drug in body fluids from the bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to its site of action.
Tissue binding
may include bone fat or tissue
Plasma protein binding
Most common
Most drugs bind to
Albumin
Blood brain barrier
Allows distribution of fat soluble drugs to the brain and cerebral spinal fluid
Placental barrier
drugs can cross cause teratogen effects.
Metabolism or Biotransformation
Chemically inactivates a drug by converting it into a more water soluble compound, or metabolite, that can be excreted from the body
where metabolism takes place
Liver is where metabolism takes place..kidneys, lungs and intestional mucosa also aid in metabolism
Only oral drugs are effected by
hepatic first pass effect.
Organs of excretion
Kidneys
Intestine
Lungs
Sweat and salivary glands
Mammary glands
Affinity
Attraction of a drug to a site.
Intrinsic Activity
Relative ability of a drug receptor complex to produce a maxium functional response
Agonist
Produces an action when it binds to a receptor
Antagonist
Blocks an action
Potency
measure of a drug in the system
Partial Agonist
Drug binds to receptor, and there is a diminished response compared with that elicited by the agonist.
Reactive cellular site
drugs interact to produce a response.
½ life
is the time it takes for 50% of the drug concentration to be eliminated.
Takes ? half lives to reach a steady state level in the body.
5
Plasma level
Shows relationship between plasma drug concentration and the therapeutic level.
Idiosyncracy
Abnormal or pecular response to a drug.
Tolerance
A decrease physiological response to a drug.
Tachyphylaxis
rapidly decreasing response to to routine usage.
Cumulative effect
Occurs when body cant metabolize fast enough
Drug dependence
AKA addiction physiological or psychological
Drug Interaction
Effects of one drug are modified by another drug.