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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tactical ventilation should only be performed when? |
When the fire attack hoselines and teams are in place and ready to advance towards the fire |
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Correctly implemented, what 3 incident priorities does tactical ventilation achieve? |
-Life Safety -Incident Stabilization -Property Conservation |
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What can happen if you introduce fresh air to a fire without a coordinated fire attack? |
Rapid fire development |
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What is the highest incident priority? |
Life Safety |
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Tactical ventilation can be combined with _____________ to stabilize an incident |
Fire Attack |
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____________ means controlling and extinguishing the fire |
Incident Stabilization |
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Tactical ventilation ___________ the speed with which you can extinguish interior fires |
Increases |
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The _____________ will make the decision to ventilate the stucture |
Incident Commander |
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Between 1973 and 2008, the footprint in homes has increased over ______ percent and lot sizes have shrunk approximately ______ percent |
Footprint +150% Lot Sizes -25% |
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What are the 4 fire behavior indicators? |
-Smoke -Air Flow -Heat -Flame |
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The movement of air toward burning fuel and movement of smoke out of the compartment |
Air Flow |
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Air Flow is caused by ____________ inside and outside the compartment |
Pressure Differentials |
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Air Flow is caused by differences in density between the _______ smoke and ________ air |
Hot Smoke and Cooler Air |
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In the case of a single open doorway to a structure fire, where is the air inlet? |
In the lower portion of the doorway (Low pressure below the neutral plane) |
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In the case of a single open doorway to a structure fire, where is the smoke exhaust? |
In the upper portion of the doorway (High pressure area above the neutral plane) |
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The _________ is the connection between the inlet and the outlet |
Flow Path |
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What can be the result of tactical ventilation openings in an uncoordinated manner? |
The fire can spread to uninvolved areas of the building and cut escape routes for occupants |
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What are 2 primary considerations for determining tactical ventilation procedures? |
1. The stage of the fire
2. Whether it is fuel or ventilation controlled |
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What 3 things must be in place before tactical ventilation begins? |
1. Fire Attack Crews
2. Search and Rescue teams
3. Exposure Protection |
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Tactical ventilation must be capable of exhausting the volume of _______, _______ and __________ produced by fire |
Heat, Smoke, and Toxic Gases |
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The most important weather-related influence on ventilation is _______ |
Wind |
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__________ must always be considered when determining the proper means and location of tactical ventilation in all types of structures |
Wind Conditions |
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________ exposures include the building occupants, contents and any uninvolved rooms or portions of the building |
Internal Exposures |
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________ exposures such as structures located adjacent to the fire can be affected by radiation and/or direct flame contact |
External Exposures |
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What are the 2 types of tactical ventilation used for structure fires? |
Horizontal and Vertical Ventilation |
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Opening doors or windows is an example of ____________ ventilation |
Horizontal Ventilation |
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Cutting a hole in a roof above the fire is an example of __________ ventilation |
Vertical Ventilation |
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For vertical ventilation to be effective, a ___________ inlet opening at or below the level of the fire is needed to provide a flow path for fresh air to enter the structure |
Horizontal |
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What are the 3 means used for vertical and horizontal ventilation |
-Natural -Mechanical -Hydraulic |
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__________ventilation involves opening doors and windows to allow natural air currents and pressure differences to move smoke and heat out of the building |
Natural Horizontal Ventilation |
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_______ ventilation draws heated smoke and gases out of the structure through the roof openings while pulling fresh air into the structure |
Natural Vertical Ventilation |
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__________ ventilation uses fans, blowers and smoke ejectors |
Mechanical Ventilation |
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Mechanical methods are most often used for ____________ ventilation |
Horizontal Ventilation |
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__________ ventilation involves using a spray nozzle set on a fog pattern to draw the smoke out an opening such as a window or door |
Hydraulic Ventilation |
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___________ ventilation requires the firefighters to operate the nozzle within the contaminated atmosphere |
Hydraulic Ventilation |
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What is a disadvantage of Hydraulic Ventilation? |
It can increase water damage to the structure if done improperly |
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Hydraulic Ventilation uses a _______ pattern spray to entrain the smoke out of the room |
Fog |
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Natural horizontal ventilation takes advantage of ___________ flow |
Natural Air Flow |
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____________ ventilation requires no additional personnel to set up and maintain |
Natural Ventilation |
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When directed by the IC, windows on the _________ side should be opened first to create a __________ point |
Leeward; Exit |
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Openings on the __________ side of the structure are opened to permit fresh air to enter and force the smoke toward the ______________ |
Windward; Exhaust Openings |
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If only a single opening is made, such as opening a door, the vent will serve as both the _________ for air and the ________ for smoke |
Inlet for air; Exit for smoke |
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This ventilation is necessary when natural flow of air currents is insufficient to remove smoke, heat and fire gases |
Mechanical Ventilation |
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Mechanical Ventilation is accomplished through ___________ pressure or __________ pressure |
Negative or Positive Pressure |
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The oldest type of mechanical ventilation |
Negative Pressure Ventilation |
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In Negative pressure ventilation, ______________ are used to pull smoke from a structure |
Smoke Ejectors |
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________ and _______ are drawn out of the structure and __________ is drawn into the structure by the negative pressure the fans have created |
Smoke and Fire gases are drawn out and Fresh Air is drawn in |
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Fans can be placed in _________, __________, or ___________ vent openings to exhaust the smoke, heat, and gases from inside the building to the exterior |
Windows, Doors, or Roof Vents |
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In negative pressure ventilation, the fan should be positioned on the _________ side to exhaust in the same direction as the prevailing wind |
Leeward Side |
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A ________ of smoke may help a firefighter identify the direction the wind is blowing |
Plume |
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The open areas around a smoke ejector must be properly sealed to prevent air from ___________ back into the building |
Recirculating |
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What pushes air back into open spaces in the doorway or window and can also pull smoke back into the room? |
Atmospheric Pressure |
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________________ reduces ventilation efficiency |
Recirculation |
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Where should the smoke ejector be located in a building? |
Near the top of the opening |
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What can happen if windows and doors are opened near the smoke ejector? |
Ventilation efficiency is reduced |
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____________ is a mechanical ventilation technique that uses a high volume fan to create a slightly higher pressure inside a building than that outside |
Positive Pressure Ventilation |
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When the pressure is _________ inside the building, the smoke inside the building is forced through openings to the _________ pressure area outside |
Higher; Lower |
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The "entry (Inlet) opening or point" |
Location where the fan or blower is set up |
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When using PPV to ventilate a multistory building, it's best to apply positive pressure at the ___________ point |
Lowest |
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_________ is applied to the building at ground level though the use of one or more blowers |
Positive Pressure |
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Firefighters can set up __________ blowers without entering the smoke-filled structure |
Positive Pressure Ventilation |
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PPV is equally effective with __________ ventilation or _____________ ventilation |
Horizontal; Vertical |
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Removal of smoke and heat from a structure is more effective in __________ |
Positive Pressure Ventilation |
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What type of ventilation is ineffective in large, high-ceiling areas? |
Negative Pressure Ventilation |
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In __________ ventilation, hidden fires may be accelerated and spread throughout the building |
Positive Pressure Ventilation |
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The wide angle fog pattern in Hydraulic Ventilation should cover ____ to _____ percent of the window or door opening |
85-90% |
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The nozzle tip should be at least ____ feet back from the opening in Hydraulic Ventilation efforts |
2 Feet |
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The larger the opening, the _________ ventilation will occur |
Faster |
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______ vertical ventilation is intended to aid in reaching and extinguishing the fire |
Offensive |
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________ vertical ventilation is meant to stop fire spread and contain it in one area of the structure |
Defensive |
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Both before and after ventilating, where should you walk on the roof whenever possible? |
On the load bearing walls and strongest points of the roof |
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Between the supports, the roof will feel ________ and __________ |
Softer and Less Rigid |
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What type of roofs will not respond to Sounding? |
Roofs with several layers of composition shingles |
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What type of roofs cannot be sounded? |
Roofs covered with tile or slate |
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Before cutting any type of ventilation hole, you should cut an ___________ |
Inspection Hole |
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__________ help to determine the location of a fire and the direction of travel of a fire that is located in an attic or cockloft |
Inspection holes |
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What are the two primary inspection holes? |
Kerf Cut and Triangle or "A" cut |
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The easiest and fastest inspection hole to cut |
Kerf Cut |
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How big should the hole of the kerf cut be? |
The width of the saw or axe blade |
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A major disadvantage of this cut is that the heat from a fire can cause the tar or membrane material to melt and seal up the cut |
Kerf Cut |
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This cut provides the most reliable information of conditions beneath the roof |
Triangle Cut |
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Whats the first step in making a Triangle Cut? |
Make a diagonal cut from upper left to lower right |
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________ ventilation involves making an opening over the seat of the fire or near the highest point of the roof |
Offensive Ventilation |
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A ________ or ________ opening is easier to cut and easier to repair after the fire |
Square or Rectangular |
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One large opening, at least _________, is much better than several small ones |
4 x 8 Feet |
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The most common type of openings made in flat roofs |
Square of Rectangular |
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A ____________ cut in roof creates a shield for responders while also opening vertical ventilation |
Louver Cut |
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When the truss is in the middle of the building, a ________ cut is used |
Louver Cut |
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The initial opening of a Louver Cut should be no smaller than _________ |
4 x 8 Feet |
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On a Louver Cut, make the _______ cuts across the top and bottom of the rafters, and the ________ cuts parallel to either side of the rafter |
Short; Long |
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Always cut exhaust openings at or very near the _______ point on the roof |
Highest Point |
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The Trench Cut is strictly a ___________ operation |
Defensive |
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A ________ cut is used to create a fire break that stops the spread of fire in common attic structures or large structures |
Trench Cut |
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The Trench Cut opening must be created at least ________ feet ahead of the advancing fire |
30 feet |
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How is the Trench Cut made? |
2 parallel cuts that extend from one exterior wall to the opposite exterior wall |
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A trench cut about _____ to ____ feet wide is usually suficient |
3 to 4 feet wide |
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Windowless buildings usually require __________ ventilation for the removal of smoke |
Mechanical |
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Personnel required for search and rescue and fire fighting operations in high rise buildings is often ____ to _____ times as great as required for a fire typical in a low rise building |
4 to 6 Times |
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_____________ is the natural movement of heat and smoke throughout a building |
Stack Effect |