Syntax- Sentence Structure And Phrases

Front 1

what are the two systems to characterize sentence types?

Back 1

1) subject + predicate
2) subject + verb +object

Front 2

In a sentence which of the following are obligatory- verb, subject, object

Back 2

a verb and a subject are obligatory, an object is not

Front 3

subject

Back 3

usually appears before the verb. Who or what is the instigator of the action or state reflected by the verb.

Front 4

what are the three types of subjects?

Back 4

simple, complete, and compound

Front 5

simple subjects

Back 5

typically nouns and pronouns. example: (Tommy) is crying.

Front 6

complete subject

Back 6

simple subjects and their modifiers. Example: (The little boy) is crying.

Front 7

Compound subjects

Back 7

subjects conjoined via a conjunction. Example: (The little boy or the little girl) is crying.

Front 8

What is an object in a sentence?

Back 8

- not all sentences have
- the object in a sentence defines who are what receives the action reflected by the verb.
-typically a noun or pronoun
-often sentences with intransitive verbs as main verbs dont have an object

Front 9

direct object

Back 9

the recipient of the action is a direct object. Often answers the questions of "what?" or "who/whom?". example: Jason wrote (the letter).

Front 10

indirect object

Back 10

recipients of the direct object. Answers the question "to whom was the action done?" and "for whom was the action done?" Example: Pete gave the letter to (Taylor)

Front 11

subject complement

Back 11

provide further info about a subject and follow copular verbs. A subject and a subject complement refer to the same entity. Example: The famous linguist was (Noam Chompsky). Or Ginger will be (famous)

Front 12

predicate

Back 12

Everything in a sentence that is not the subject. It is the verb and it's complement. Example: I (always jog with my dog).

Front 13

simple predicate

Back 13

usually the main verb in the sentence or clause. Example: The mist (descended) slowly.

Front 14

complete predicate

Back 14

the simple predicate plus all the modifiers that provide additional info about the simple predicate. Example: The mist (descended slowly)

Front 15

compound predicate

Back 15

consists of two or more simple predicates. Example: The mist (descended and evaporated).

Front 16

nominal predicates

Back 16

occur when the verb in a sentence is copular. It is the copular verb + a noun, pronoun, prepositional phrase, adjective or adverb. Example: It (is) a (fungus).

Front 17

prepositional noun predicate

Back 17

sentence in which a prepositional phrase follows a copular verb. Example: The bananas (are in the basket).

Front 18

prepositionless noun predicate

Back 18

main verb is copular, infomation following is a noun or pronoun with no prepositional info added. Those (are not your black gloves).

Front 19

qualicative predicate

Back 19

nominal predicate where the subject is followed by a copular verb and the predicate provides qualitative info about the subject. Example: The fish (is absolutely delicious)

Front 20

adverbial predicate

Back 20

copular verb followed by an adverb. Example: It (is not here)

Front 21

verbal predicates

Back 21

occur when the verb in the sentence is transitive.

Front 22

When do we begin to see true development of sentence structure emerge?

Back 22

31 months

Front 23

stage 1 of childrens acquisition of syntax= one element sentences predominate (1 word)- when is this?

Back 23

9-18 months

Front 24

stage two of syntax acquisition- two-element sentence predominate- when is this?

Back 24

18-24 months

Front 25

stage 3 of syntax acquisition= three element sentences predominate="true" sentence structure emerging. When is this?

Back 25

24-30 months

Front 26

stage four of syntactic development- four element sentences predominate- when does this occur?

Back 26

30-36 months

Front 27

stage five of syntactic development- children have more or less mastered clause and phrase structure rules. When is this?

Back 27

36-42 months

Front 28

stage six of development of syntax- "system completion"= major elements of syntax acquisition are in place. When is this?

Back 28

42 months

Front 29

phrase

Back 29

a syntactic structure that contains one main word and usually one or more closely associated words grouped around it. May fill the subject or predicate slot in sentence. Cannot stand alone bc don't contain both a subject and predicate

Front 30

head of the phrase

Back 30

the central element in the phrase. Can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions.

Front 31

noun phrases

Back 31

always contain a noun or pronoun as the head. Example: Jackie picked up (a penny). Functions can be as subject, object, complement and adverbial.

Front 32

verb phrase

Back 32

Every sentence and clause contains a verb phrase. Serves as the main structure of the predicate and includes the main verb, any auxiliary forms attached, and any modifiers. Example: Sheila (will be leaving) shortly

Front 33

prepositional phrase

Back 33

a group of two or more words that begin with a preposition. Example: Put the oranges (in the basket)

Front 34

adjective phrase

Back 34

an adjective serves as the head of the phrase and may at times be the only component in the adjective phrase. Example: The test is (expensive).

Front 35

adverb phrase

Back 35

have an adverb at the head. May consist of a single word. Example: I read (daily).

Front 36

infinitive phrase

Back 36

a special type of phrase that uses the infinitive form of a verb to introduce the phrase. Infinitive= to + verb. Example: She wants him (to go).

Front 37

past participle

Back 37

verb form used to depict past tense. Example- slept, walked, called

Front 38

present participle

Back 38

denotes time occuring in the present tensed- sleeping, walking, calling. Also called present progressive-ing