Syndesmology

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Articulation or Joint

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It is formed by the union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissues. Bone is the fundamental part of the joints; in some cases a bone and a cartilage, or two cartilages form a joint. The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous tissue or cartilages or a mixture of these.

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Classification of joints

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A. Fibrous joint or Synarthrosis
B. Cartilaginous joint or Amphiarthrosis
C. Synovial joint or Diarthrosis

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Fibrous Joints

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Practically no movement, often termed fixed or immovable joints. No joint cavity. Most of these joints are temporary, the uniting process of ossification.

Classification:
(1). Suture (2). Syndesmosis and (3). Gomphosis.

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Suture

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Joints of the skull in which the adjacent bones are closely united by fibrous tissue:
(a) Sutura serrata: Characterized by irregular interlocking margin, e.g interfrontal suture.
(b) Sutura squamosa: The overlapping joints, e.g. squamous part of the temporal and parietal bones.
(c) Sutura plana: If the edges of the joints are plane or rough, e.g. Internasal suture.

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Syndesmosis

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In these the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic tissue or a mixture.

e.g. Union of the shaft of the metacarpal or metatarsal bones, bodies of the radius and ulna, bodies of the tibia and fibula.
When the apposed bones are united, gradually the fibrous tissues undergoes ossification and the bones become fixed.

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Gomphosis

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This term is sometimes applied to the implantation of the teeth in the alveoli (tooth socket).

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Cartilaginous joint

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The bones of cartilaginous joints are united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. They are chiefly classified as:

Synchondrosis (Hyaline Cartilage Joints)

Symphysis (Fibrocartilaginous Joints)

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Synchondrosis

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This type of joint is a temporary one. The cartilage is converted into bone before adult life. The hyaline cartilage that joins the bones is a persistent part of the embryonic cartilaginous skeleton.

e.g. The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone are united by a cartilaginous epiphyseal plate

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Symphysis

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This joint represents an articulation in which two opposing bones are united by fibrocartilage during some phase of their existence.

Fibrocartilaginous joints include the pelvic symphysis, sternebrae, and joints between bodies of the vertebrae

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Synovial Joints

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This group of joints, also known as diarthrodial joints, are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity with a synovial membrane in the joint capsule and by their mobility.

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structures of synovial joint

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(1) Articular surface: The articular surface is smooth.
(2) Articular cartilage: The articular cartilage is hyaline type and covers the articular surface of the bone.
(3) Articular capsule: The articular or joint capsule is a tube, the ends of which are attached around the articulating surfaces.

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Articular capsule

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(i) Fibrous layer (external): Consists of ligaments and attached close to the margin of the articular surfaces.
(ii) Synovial membrane/layer (internal): The synovial layer lines the joint cavity except where this is bounded by the articular cartilages. It is a thin membrane and is richly supplied by close networks of vessels and nerves. The synovial membrane secretes a fluid, the synovia, which lubricates the joint, It contains water, albumin, mucin, and salts, and it is alkaline.

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Ligaments

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Ligaments are strong bands of connective tissue which bind the bones together. They are pliable but practically inelastic. They are blended with fibrous capsules externally.

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Articular disc and Menesci

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These are plates of fibrocartilage or dense fibrous connective tissue placed between the articular cartilages; they divides the joint cavity partially and diminish concussion during movement.

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Marginal Cartilages

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Ring of fibrocartilages which encircles the rim of an articular cavity.

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syniovial joint diagram

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syniovial joint diagram 2

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Movement classification of joints

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Gliding joint: One surface of the joint glides over another surfaces. e.g. Joints formed in between articular process of the vertebral column.
Angular movement:
Extension or abduction: means straightening at a joint
Flexion or adduction: when angle between two bones decreased.

3. Circumduction: when a bone is made to circumscribe a conical space. e.g. hip joint.
4. Rotation: It is the rotation of one segment around the longitudinal axis of the other segment forming the joint. e.g. Atlanto-occipital joint.

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Classification of joints by their axes movement and shape of articulating surface

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Classification of joints by their axes movement and shape of articulating surface

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Joints of the skull

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Joints of the skull

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Joints of the Vertebral Column

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Joints of the Thorax

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Costovertebral articulation: Formed at the proximal end in between the head of the rib and bodies of the vertebrae.
Costotransverse articulation: Formed at the proximal end in between the tubercle of the rib and transverse process of the vertebrae.
Costochondral articulation: Formed at the distal end in between bony and cartilaginous part of the rib.
Chondrosternal articulation: : Formed at the distal end in between cartilaginous part of the rib and sternum.
Intersternal articulation: In between sternebrae.

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Thorax joints diagram

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Rib diagram

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Joints of the forelimb

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Joints of the forelimb diagram

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Joints of the hindlimb

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Sacroiliac articulation: A joint formed in between wing of the sacrum and ilium.
Pelvic symphysis: In between two pubic bones. In young it is cartilaginous but in adult the joint is replaced by bones by the normal ossification procedure.
Hip joint: Formed in between cotyloid cavity of the pelvic girdle and the head of the femur.

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Joints of the pelvis diagram

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Joints of the hindlimb

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4. Stifle joint or Knee joint: It consists of,
Femoropatellar articulation: Formed between trochlea of the femur and the articular surface of the patella.
Femorotibial articulation: is formed between the condyles of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia.

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Joints of the hindlimb

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5. Tarsal joint/Hock joint: consist of,
a) Tibiotarsal joint: Formed between distal end of the tibia and tarsal bone (talus).
b) Intertarsal joint: Formed between the tarsal bones.
c) Tarsometatarsal joint: Formed in between tarsal bones and proximal end of the metatarsal bone.
d) Metatarsophalangeal joint: Between metatarsal bone and phalanges.
5) Interphalangeal articulation: Between phalanges of the hind limb.

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Joints of the hindlimb diagram

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