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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Drugs that open up ___ channels tend to hyperpolarize the membrane.
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K, Cl
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Drugs that open up ___ channels tend to depolarize the membrane.
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Ca, Na
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Most synaptic connections (___%) happen on ___.
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90, dendrites
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Both ___ and ___ inputs are found in synaptic connections.
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Excitatory, inhibitory
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At least ___ number of ___ are needed for one action potential.
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50, inputs
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Central neurons have both ___ and ___ inputs. Example: ___
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Excitatory, inhibitory, knee jerk reflex
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Knee jerk reflex: muscle stretch activates ___. This activates the ___ neuron. This neuron splits into 2 ___ terminals. One terminal synapses with ___ motor neuron (excitatory) and one with ___ motor neuron (inhibitory).
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Muscle spindle, sensory, axon, extensor, flexor
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IPSP: ___ exits or ___ enters postsynaptic cell. This makes the inside more ___.
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K, Cl, negative
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EPSP: ___ or ___ enters postsynaptic cell. This makes the inside more ___.
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Na, Ca, positive
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Which part of neuron can be postsynaptic area?
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Any (axon, dendrite, soma)
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Proximity of ___ to trigger zone is directly proportional to strength of inhibition. Example: if trigger zone was in the axon then an axosomatic synapse would be more inhibited than an axodentritic synapse.
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Synapse
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Higher frequency stimulation of a single neuron results in ___ and thus ___. If A is excitatory synapse and C is inhibitory synapse then if A+C fired at same time there would be no AP generated. ___ trumps ___.
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Temporal summation, action potential, inhibitory, excitatory
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Stimulation of excitatory neurons A and B simultaneously results in ___ and thus ___.
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Spatial summation, action potential
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There are two types of synapses: ___ and ___.
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Electrical, chemical
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___ synapse gap is wider than ___ synapse.
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Chemical, electrical
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Synaptic delay is negligible for ___ synapse.
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Chemical
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Electrically coupled cells that have gap junctions (different from ___ junctions) are found in ___, ___, and ___.
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Tight, heart, liver, neurons
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___ and ___ block current traveling through gap junctions of neuron in electrical synapse.
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Halothane, octanol
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A gap junction is composed of ___.
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2 Hemi-channels
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Type 1 (___) chemical synapse have ___ vesicles.
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Glutamatergic, round
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Type 2 (___) chemical synapse have ___ vesicles.
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GABA-ergic, flat
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Chemical synapse has ___ directional current.
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Uni
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___ coupled transporter accumulates transmitter in ___ vesicle.
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H+, synaptic
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Released transmitter is
broken down by enzymes (ACh by ___), taken up by ___ transporter in __synaptic terminal, or diffuses away. |
AChE, Na-dependent, pre
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___ and ___ are required for synaptic vesicle fusion.
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Synaptobrevin (on vesicle), synaptotagmin (on vesicle)
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On the nerve terminal membrane, ___ must be removed from ___ for a vesicle to dock.
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N-Sec-1, Syntaxin
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___, ___, and ___ twist together for vesicle dockage.
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SNAP-25, syntaxin, synaptobrevin
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Ca enters neuron through ___ membrane via ___ channels. Ca then binds ___ to trigger fusion.
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Nerve terminal, N-type, synaptotagmin
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Toxins that enter terminal and
block fusion of synaptic vesicles: ___, ___. This causes ___. |
Tetanus, botulinum, weakness
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___, a synthetic ___, blocks ___ voltage gated Ca channels.
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Ziconitide, conotoxin, N-type
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Types of postsynaptic transmitter receptors: ___, ___
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Ionotropic, metabotropic
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Properties of ionotropic receptors: ___, ___, ___
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Direct action, fast, ligand-gated
ion channels |
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Ionotropic glutamate receptor is a ___ of subunits each having three transmembrane segments.
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Tetramer
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NMDA (ionotropic glutamate) receptor requires ___ and ___ as co-transmitters.
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Glutamate, glycine
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NMDA receptor: ___ blocks at rest and must be removed by ___ by other neighboring glutamate receptors before channel can open with ligands.
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Mg, depolarization
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NMDA channel blockers are ___ (Mg, PCP), ___ agents, ___.
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Anesthetics, alzheimer's, antitussives
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NMDA channel activators are ___.
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Toxic agents
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor has ___ transmembrane segments and is a ___ coupled receptor, linked to G-proteins and ___ and effectors.
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7, G-protein, GTP
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor effectors are ___, ___, ___
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Phospholipase C, adenylyl cyclase, ion channels
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Closing ___ channels and opening ___ channels leads to increased neuronal firing.
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K, Ca
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Fast transmission by ___ receptors.
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Ionotropic
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Slow transmission by ___ receptors.
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Metabotropic
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GABA transaminase converts ___ to glutamate and ___ to GABA. Glutamate can be converted to GABA by ___.
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alpha-ketoglutarate, succinic semi-aldehyde, glutamic acid decarboxylate (GAD)
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___ inhibit GABA transaminase.
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Anticonvulsants
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Glutamate is removed from
synaptic cleft by neuronal ___ and glial ___ glutamate transporters. |
Gt(n), Gt(g)
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___ transforms glutamate into glutamine.
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Glia
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Glutamine is converted to glutamate in ___.
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Terminal mitochondria
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GABA is major ___ neurotransmitter in CNS.
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Inhibitory
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GABA triggers ___ channel opening and membrane ___.
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Cl, hyperpolarization
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GABA receptors are found in CNS and ___.
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PNS
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GABA-A receptors are ___ IPSP
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Fast
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GABA-B receptors are ___ IPSP
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Slow
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GABA-A activators are ___.
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Anesthetics
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GABA-A blockers are ___.
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Convulsive
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___ and ___ increase the efficacy of GABA.
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Pentobarbital, phenoarbital
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NO activates ___ and increases ___ and ___.
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Guanylate cyclase, cGMP, PKG
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NO needs ___ for synthesis but not for release.
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Ca
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