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135 Cards in this Set
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Three-site pork production system (farrow to finish) |
Site 1: Breeding/gestation/farrowing Site 2: Nursery - 3 wks until pigs about 50 lbs Site 3: Grower/finisher Classic for big companies. Also All in/All out, Specialized (farrowing/weaner-grower/finisher), and Specific Pathogen Free systems |
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Misc. bolded pig facts |
-Market weight:260-290 lbs -ADG: 1.7 lbs/day -Normal temp 102 -Gestation 113-115 d -Heat needed in nursery, 80-90 -Adults prefer temps 60-75 -Improvest: GFRtoxoid, chemical castration, prevents males from entering puberty -Essential amino acid lysine -Before PE asses posture, attitude, BCS, environment -Necropsy important diagnostic resource! -Biosecurity is a big deal |
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SKIN DISEASES |
SKIN DISEASES |
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Greasy Pig Disease |
Greasy pig disease (Staph. hyicus) Usually 1 -4 wks, can cause high mortality within some litters Starts off head/snout progresses to greasy crusts over whole body. Culture +/- biopsy. Prevent abrasions, improve sanitation, antibiotics (Penicillin) |
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Pityriasis rosea |
Porcine juvenile pustular psoriasiform dermatitis - unknown etiology Young (2-5 months) white weaners. No mortality. Not transmissable. Coalescing red plaques mainly on abdomen. Non-pruritic, no change in ROG. Biopsy. Recover spontaneously. |
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Parakeratosis (Zn deficiency) |
All ages. High morbidity, no mortality. Symmetrical non-pruritic, scaling and crusting; worst on ventrum. Feed analysis. Give Zn supplement, decrease Ca, add oil |
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Swine Pox (Suipox) |
Sucklings, high morbidity/low mortality - may be associated with Haematopinus suis Papules, vesicles, circular scabs -generalized distribution mostly sparing m-c junctions Biopsy for CIB R/O for SVE,FMD,VS Spontaneous recovery- control lice |
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Food and Mouth Disease (picornavirus) |
All ages. Highly contagious. CxAs for VS: Vesicles, erosions which affect feet, snout, mcjns. Contact feds |
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Seneca Valley Virus (picornavirus) |
All ages Cx as for VS (Vesicles, erosions which affect feet, snout, mcjns.) Sometimes diarrhea in piglets. No tx |
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Vesicular Stomatitis (rhabdovirus) |
All ages. Probably insect vector. Cx: Vesicles, erosions which affect feet, snout, mc jns. Contact feds is suspect VS. Affects horses. |
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Swine vesicular disease (enterovirus) |
All ages. Highly contagious Cx As for VS. (Vesicles, erosions which affect feet, snout, mc jns.) Contact feds. |
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Swine vesicular exanthema (calicivirus) |
All ages. Associated with garbage feeding. Cx As for VS (Vesicles, erosions which affect feet, snout, mc jns.) Contact feds |
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Erysipelas |
Erysipelothrix rhuseopathiae Mainly feeders, adults, occ. weaners. Rule out Actinobacillus suis. Pyrexia then rhomboid/oval skin lesions. Multisystemic disease, septicemia Culture. Antibiotics: Penicillin, Tetracycline Vaccination. |
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Septicemia |
Other septicemias (eg. Salmonellosis) Various Typical lesions are blotchy, cyanotic ventrum/extremities Culture |
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Sarcoptic Mange |
Usually feeders but occ. Weaners, adults. Pruritic. Thickened skin usually starts on ears/neck. Scraping. Repeat anti-parasitic treatment in 10-14 d. |
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Skin necrosis of piglets |
Sucklings. High morbidity. Bilateral ulcers on carpus, hock, coronet, ant. teats Visual inspection. Correct flooring and treat topically. |
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Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome |
Usually weaners, feeders. Low morbidity/high mortality. Red plaques, especially over ham and thigh but can affect whole body. Sick, febrile pigs! Septicemia Histopathology of necrotizing vasculitis and concurrent glomerular lesions. Control circovirus, associated |
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Other common skin lesions |
Aural hematomas Ear tip necrosis Non-specific cyanosis that occurs with many conditions (eg. Porcine Stress Syndrome, sepsis, various toxicities). |
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DIARRHEA IN NEONATES |
DIARRHEA IN NEONATES |
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Approach to neonatal diarrhea |
1 - get a history, patterns are important 2 - assess environment 3 - assess patients 4 - collect samples 5 - treatment |
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Sample collection: bacterial, viral, parasitic |
Feces and loops of SI/LI for culture - bacti Stomach, SI, LI - histo Fecal material - PCR and floatation |
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Special considerations for diarrhea workup in neonates |
-ileal scrapings to diagnose pre-patent coccidiosis -clostridial diseases USUALLY have distinct gross lesions -other diseases just see dehydrated pigs with yellow watery scour and dilated loops of SI |
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Transmissable gastroenteritis (TGE) |
Coronavirus Can affect any age if herd naive. Most severe in piglets < 1 month. VOMITING, diarrhea and high mortality in piglets. Sows may also be anorexic, vomiting. PCR, direct EM of feces. Can be difficult Dx in enzootic herds. Histo of marked atrophy of villi. |
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Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) |
Diarrhea in all ages but mortality mainly in sucklings. A rule out for TGE - is another coronavirus. Reached USA in 2013. Currently 3 strains Reportable disease. Does well in cold weather. Can spread via feed, air. |
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Rotaviral enteritis |
Typically less than 3 wks but can rarely affects pigs up to 8 wks. Scouring, poorly-gaining pigs. Low mortality unless complicated by other factors. Demonstrate virus via EM, ELISA on feces or FAT on gut section. Atrophic villi. |
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Clostridium perfringens type C enteritis |
Usually affects piglets less than 1 week old. Acute deaths. Severely hemorrhagic/necrotic intestines at pm. Histo plus Gram stain of mucosal smear showing large # of Gram + rods |
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Clostridium difficile |
Rare disease affecting pigs < 3wks. Usually sudden death +/- diarrhea. Mesocolonic edema, fibrinonecrotizing colitis. Dx by demonstrating toxin |
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EnteroTOXIGENIC strains of E.coli in neonates |
Enteric colibacillosis (Escherichia coli) Less than 2 weeks old. Able to attach to brush border and secrete toxins that cause secretory diarrhea Depending on strain may be found dead or have watery to blood-tinged stool. Occ. vomiting. Dehydrated with dilated loops of SI. Pure culture of an enterotoxigenic serotype, plus histo. PCR for adherence factors |
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Coccidiosis (Isospora suis) |
Less than 3 weeks old, typically at 7-10 d. White scour with high morbidity, low mortality. Intestinal smears, fecal floats, histo to demonstrate organisms. |
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Main diarrheic agents in neonates |
1. Coccidiosis (isospora suis) 2. Ecoli (enterotoxigenic strains) 3. Rotavirus 4. Coronavirus (TGE, PED) |
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DIARRHEAL DISEASES OF WEANED PIGS |
Know distribution of pathogens in GIT Know if diarrhea is associated with blood |
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EnteroTOXIGENIC post-weaning E. coli enteritis |
Common, 1- 3 weeks after weaning. Loose stool, poor gain, some mortalities. Cyanosis change late in disease course. Attach to brush border, toxin secretion, secretory diarrhea Pure culture of enterotoxigenic serotypes + histo. May see gastric infarct at pm. |
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EnteroPATHOGENIC post-weaning E. coli enteritis |
Rare. Attaching and effacing strains may also contribute to diarrhea in weaned pigs No enterotoxin production = enteropathogenic |
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EnteroTOXEMIC post-weaning E. coli enteritis (Edema Disease) |
Shiga toxin production, absorbed into the bloodstream Toxin targets vessel walls and makes them leaky, leads to edema Most cases are NOT DIARRHEIC |
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Salmonellosis |
S. choleraesuis or typhimurium strains most common All ages susceptible but typically affects growers and finishers. Carrier pigs common - shed when stressed. Fecal oral transmission. Septicemic form and intestinal form Acute intestinal form features PYREXIA, enteritis of SI and LI, enlarged mesenteric nodes, often gastric infarct. BUTTON ULCERS (shown) due to chronic scouring May see BLOODY STOOL |
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Salmonellosis |
Septicemic form often NOT accompanied by diarrhea PYREXIA, may see BLOODY STOOL Widespread thrombosis/infarction Multifocal hepatitis, pneumonia, "turkey egg" kidney (shown), splenomegaly Rectal stricture in chronic cases (end-artery thrombosis) Rx Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Neomycin) |
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Proliferative enteropathies (Lawsonia intracellularis) |
Proliferative enteropathy complex (chronic) +Acute hemorrhagic form Intracellular curved rods on silver-stained histo slide. PCR. Rx with Ab in feed/water i.e. Tylosin Oral vaccine available. Subclinical disease common |
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Porcine Proliferative Enteritis (Lawsonia intracellularis) |
= intestinal adenomatosis, = necrotic ileitis Usually older than one month (weaners/growers) Not seen in adults Thickened terminal ileum +/- colon. Initially see diarrhea +/- fibrin casts Weight loss is main clinical sign A small percentage of the group will go on to be unthrifty |
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Necrotic ileitis (Lawsonia intracellularis) |
Secondary bacterial colonization --> necrosis Chronic diarrhea, weight loss, poor do-ers |
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Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (Lawsonia intracellularis) |
Acute hemorrhagic form (uncommon) Bloody stool Presents as weakness, pallor/unanticipated sudden death Often affects 6 month old gilts |
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Swine Dysentery (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae) |
Variable mortality but usually high morbidity. Organism can survive in manure pits, be carried by rodents or transmitted by fomites but disease can be eradicated. Severe weight loss, anorexia, low grade fever, dehydration +/- Mucoid diarrhea with flecks of BLOOD to grey/black soupy stool Superficial fibrinonecrotic typhlocolitis, spares SI. Culture is difficult. Often Dx by fresh smear + compatible histo. PCR of colonic mucosa best Rx - Abx i.e. Lincomycin, Tiamulin |
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Porcine colonic spirochetosis (Brachyspira pilosicoli) |
Growing pigs, often just after weaning. Negligible mortality but can have high morbidity. Soft stool, poor rate of gain are main clinical signs (decreased VFA absorption from inflamed colon) Transient diarrhea which progresses to a loose cow-pie like stool Can demonstrate bacteria adherent to colonic surface in sacrificed acute cases. Culture difficult. PCR Dx. Rx Lincomycin, Tiamulin, Tylosin |
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Whipworms (Trichuris suis) |
Any age of weaned pig including adult. Direct life cycle. Ova can survive 6 yrs. Anorexia, weight loss, mucoHEMORRHAGIC diarrhea. Fecal float. Mucohemorrhagic typhlitis with mature worms at necropsy. |
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Misc. GI diseases |
-Mesenteric torsions (hemorrhagic bowel) -Bloat and gastric torsions (mortality in sows) -Classical swine fever (causes bloody diarrhea) -Mycotoxins (vomiting, like with TGE) -Gastric ulcers (frank blood in stomach, melenic stool), extremely common in finishing pigs due to feed, stress, etc. |
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Blood in the stool of weaned pigs? (hemorrhagic typhlocolotis) |
-Salmonellosis, acute intestinal or septicemic -Lawsonia, acute hemorrhagic form -Swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae) -Ascaris suum (hookworms) -Trichuris suis (whipworms) -Classical swine fever |
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DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM |
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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"Congenital tremor" Myoclonia congenita (dancing pig disease) |
Hypomyelination/demyelination problem in pre-weaned pigs Various causes including circovirus type I but most are idiopathic |
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Classical Swine Fever (pestivirus) =Hog cholera |
High morbidity/variable mortality Multisystemic disease (bloody diarrhea) but may present as CNS problem Report to Feds if suspect hog cholera |
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Main CNS diseases affecting NEONATES |
-Hypoglycemia, not enough milk from sow -Pseudorabies (multisystemic, affects neonates most severely) -Classical Swine Fever/Hog Cholera, reportable |
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Pseudorabies (herpesvirus) (Aujesky’s disease) |
Any age but Cx vary with age and previous exposure. Mortality high in neonates. <4wks: ataxia, seizures, opisthotonus. Sudden death common. >4 wks signs less severe in adults, abortion and respiratory disease may predominate. Multifocal necrosis Virus identification via FA, isolation, etc. Histopathology Contact Feds if suspected |
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Strep. suis |
All ages susceptible but usually nursing and weaned pigs. Tonsillar carriers. Type II strains are potentially zoonotic. Causes septicemia but localization in meninges is common-->opisthotonus, paddling, incoordination, etc. Fever, lameness, lateral recumbency Lesions: fibrinous polyserositis (meningitis), septicemia (hemorrhages) Culture. Abx: Tetracycline, Enrofloxacin, Ceftiofur, (penicillin resistance) Avoid mixing of age groups. Clean instruments, etc. |
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Glasser’s disease (Haemophilus parasuis) |
3wk - 4m. (weaned) Older pigs if “high health” herds. Septicemia Causes a fibrinous polyserositis (Bacterial meningoencephalitis) Sudden death common. Culture. Abx: Tetracycline, Enrofloxacin Vaccines are available (efficacy?) |
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Edema disease (E. coli) |
Shiga-like toxin (Stx-2e) Usually 1 -3 wks post-weaning. High mortality/low morbidity but this is quite variable. Often no scours Abnormal squeal, SQ edema of eyelids, snout, ataxia, lateral recumbency with paddling. Necropsy findings (mesocolonic edema, etc.) and positive culture. Antibiotic Rx (Aminoglycosides, Amoxicillin/Ampicillin), change feeding, use toxin neg. probiotic |
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Main CNS disease affecting WEANED PIGS |
Bacterial meningoencephalitis (Strep suis, Glasser's disease) Edema disease Salt toxicity |
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Edema disease (enterotoxemia) |
Edema disease (E. coli) Shiga-like toxin (Stx-2e) Usually 1 -3 wks post-weaning. High mortality/low morbidity but this is quite variable. Often no scours Abnormal squeal, SQ edema of eyelids, snout, ataxia, lateral recumbency with paddling. Necropsy findings (mesocolonic edema, etc.) and positive culture. Antibiotic Rx (Aminoglycosides, Amoxicillin/Ampicillin), change feeding, use toxin neg. probiotic |
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Salt Toxicity (water deprivation) |
Any age. History of water deprivation or exposure to salts Characteristic sequence of tremors, unconsciousness, transient recovery. Rx with small amounts of water; mannitol or hypertonic saline Necropsy diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis. |
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Selenium Toxicosis |
Sudden onset - usually feeder pigs. Clinical signs do not ensue until feed has been ingested for several days. Hind end paresis in the majority of pigs in a group. Feed analysis. Histopathology of cavitating lesion in ventral horns of thoracolumbar cord |
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Approach to RESPIRATORY DISEASES |
-Always consider epidemiology of problem -Stir pigs up to uncover respiratory signs -Look for "thumpers" - pigs in severe respiratory distress -Anemia is an important R/O for respiratory distress in piglets -Don't forget role of the environment! |
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Sneezing Pigs |
-Cytomegalovirus - piglets only! - PRRS (Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome) - concurrent respiratory distress, poor growth - Swine influenza -Environment - Pseudorabies (more neuro) - Atrophic rhinitis - not seen until weaning age |
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Atrophic Rhinitis |
B. bronchiseptica = non-progressive form Toxigenic Pasteurella multocida = progressive Usually 3wk - 4m pigs but residual changes in adults. Carrier state. Multifactorial disease. Very common. Sneezing, snorting, nasal discharge, tearing. Snout deviation. Poor growth, secondary pneumonia may be seen. Slaughter inspection at PM1/2. Nasal swab cultures. Vaccination. Eradication programs are possible. |
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Inclusion body rhinitis |
Swine Herpes Virus-2 = cytomegalovirus Suckling pigs infected by sows - aerosol or urine Sneezing, snuffling, mouth-breathing NIB in nasal smears. Recovery in 2 -3 wks so no Rx |
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Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex -Causes of coughing and dyspnea in WEANED PIGS |
-Swine Influenza -PRRS -Pseudorabies (more neuro) -Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases (PCAD) -Hog Cholera (Classical/African Swine Fever) Cause an interstitial pneumonia (lungs fail to collapse, meaty, wet, heavy) Can be complicated by secondary bacterial infections Often need serology, detection of viral antigens to dx No tx but some vaccines available |
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Swine Influenza |
Swine influenza (Influenza type A, many serotypes - H1N1, H3N2) High morbidity/low mortality, broad age range. Aerosol trans. Zoonotic potential? High fever, sneezing, moist cough, conjunctivitis, anorexia Serology. Nasal swab PCR. Demonstrate viral Ag/RNA in p.m. material. Vaccines? Strain variation makes control via vaccination difficult |
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (Arterivirus) |
Poor growth and reproductive performance. High pre-weaning and nursery mortality (thumpers). Most economically important disease in swine industry Many transmission routes including aerosol, transplacental Coughing, sneezing, abnormal respiration. Death of alveolar macrophages permissive to secondary bacterial infections Sows may suffer late term abortion, increased mummies and weak pigs. Dx Rising titer. Demonstrate viral Ag/RNA, interstitial pneumonia at p.m. (Lung, tonsil, thymus) Control efforts:"burn out", depopulation, air filters. Vaccinate? Persistent infections, genomic instability (mutation). Biosecurity critical. |
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Circovirus Associated Diseases (Circovirus Type II) |
Mostly weaned/ grower pigs but can cause abortion. Infection is widespread but Cx less frequent. Spread by most secretions but cuts, abrasions also important. Anorexia, polypnea, dyspnea, pallor, rough hair coat. Occasionally jaundice. Poor growth, secondary infections common Demonstrate viral Ag /DNA in association with lesions such as interstitial pneumonia and lymphadenopathy. Hygiene, biosecurity, vaccines, controlling secondary infections important. |
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Pleuropneumonia (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae) |
Usually 1- 5m old pigs. High morbidity/mortality in naive herds. Spread by via carrier animals. Nose – nose contact, concurrent stress important Pyrexia, stiffness-->mouth breathing, foamy blood-staining oronasal discharge and peripheral cyanosis. Chronic cases feature slow growth, coughing. Culture of fibrinohemorrhagic pleuropneumonia at p.m. Antibiotics for acute outbreak. (Tilmicosin, Enrofloxacin) Vaccines available. |
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Pneumonic pasteurellosis Pasturella multocida (types A and D) |
Transmission via nose - nose contact. Common inhabitant of turbinates. Important secondary pathogen. Coughing, dyspnea, poor growth. “Hot” strains cause fever, prostration. Rare septicemic form may cause arthritis, meningitis. Culture. Suppurative bronchopneumonia at necropsy. Treat acute cases with abx (Tilmicosin, Enrofloxacin, Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline) Eliminate primary cause and improve air quality. |
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Enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae) |
First Cx usually at >1m. Carrier animals critical. Spread mainly by direct contact. Disease severity depends on concurrent stressors. (PRDC) Persistent cough. Decreased rate of gain and poor growth. High morbidity and low mortality. Culture at p.m. (Fish-fleshed AV lung). Serology. Slaughter checks helpful. Antibiotic Rx: Tylosin, Tilmicosin, Nufluor, Lincomycin, Tiamulin. NOT PENICILLIN (no cell wall). Vaccines reduce lesion severity. |
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Fumonisin toxicosis (Fusarium moniliforme) |
Associated with feeding moldy corn –usually feeder pigs. Acute toxicity causes dyspnea, cyanosis. Subacute cases may develop hepatic lesions. Hydrothorax, pulmonary edema at p.m.. Test feed for mycotoxin. |
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Important septicemic diseases of pigs |
Strep. suis serotype 2 Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser’s disease) Erysipelothrix rhuseopathiae Salmonella Leptospira Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome |
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HEMATOPOIETIC DISEASES |
- Iron deficiency anemia - Isoimmune thrombocytopenia - Porcine Circovirus-associated disease |
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Iron deficiency anemia |
- Rapid growth, poor reserves demand neonates be supplemented or hypochromic anemia develops. - Iron injections within 3- 4 days of birth- Oral iron supplements becoming more popular |
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Isoimmune hemolytic thrombocytopenia |
Reaction to colostral antibodies. Widespread purpura, petechia in piglets lessthan 1 week old. A rule out for sepsis. Very young animal, can't clot, bleed out |
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Circovirus Associated Diseases(Circovirus Type II) |
Weaners/growers. Slowly progressive weight loss, eventually die of secondary infection Think circovirus if: - Jaundice - Large lymph nodes (Granulomatous lymphadenitis) - interstitial pneumonia - Multiple secondary infections - Raised red plaques -vasculitis of skin, internal organs, possibly linked to Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome Dx - classic changes, confirmation by PCR and histology |
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Control Measures for PCAD |
- Good hygiene and management practices in farrowing room and nursery - Try to control co-infections through vaccination of sows, early vaccination in nursery - Avoid mixing, overstocking, poor air quality - All-in/all-out. Prefer solid pen partitions. - Remove poor doers promptly - Needles for single injection only - Consider circovirus vaccines |
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Antibiotic Use |
Addition of antibiotics to feed, water is common practice. Get rid of old feed first. “Pulse medication” is a common way to deal with endemic diseases. |
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Sulfonamides |
Good activity in swine Formulas for injectable, feed and water Not good for Mycoplasma |
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Procaine pen G |
IM for Erysipelas, Clostridium, Streps |
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Amoxicillin/Ampicillin |
Off label for E.coli, Salmonella |
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Tetracyclines |
Haemophilus, Pasturella + Erysipelas, Streps Resistance is now common for some other targeted species (Salmonella, Staph, Mycoplasma). ChlorTC,oxyTC and TC are available as feed additives, water soluble powders |
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Tylosin (Macrolide) |
Mycoplasma Brachyspira - injectable, feed/water forms Very short withdrawal period |
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Tilmicosin (Macrolide) |
A. pleuropneumonia, P. multocida, Mycoplasma Brachyspira Avoid parenteral use |
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Aminoglycosides |
Not well absorbed from gut E.coli, Salmonella, Pasturella Long withdrawal period |
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Ceftiofur (Excede) |
Good injectable for Gram negatives + strep suis Exceded is single injection, 14d withdrawal |
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Enrofloxacin (Baytril) |
Available in multiple strengths for injection Oral prep for piglets Broad spectrum including Mycoplasma Actinobacillus, Pasteurella, Haemophilus, Strep Suis |
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Tiamulin (diterpine) |
Mycoplasma, Lepto Brachyspira Don't combine with monensin! |
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Erysipelas |
Procaine pen G Tetracycline |
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Clostridium |
Procaine pen G |
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Streps |
Procaine pen G Ceftiofur (Strep suis) Enrofloxacin (Strep suis) |
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E. coli |
Amoxicillin/Ampicillin (off label) Aminoglycosides |
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Salmonella |
Amoxicillin/Ampicillin (off label) Aminoglycosides Tetracycline - resistance |
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Haemophilus |
Tetracycline Enrofloxacin |
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Pasturella |
Tetracycline Aminoglycosides Enrofloxacin Tilmicosin (macrolide) |
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Mycoplasma |
Macrolides: Tylosin, TIlmicosin Nufluor Lincomycin Tiamulin |
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Brachyspira |
Lincomycin TiamulinCarbadox - feed additive for Brachyspira |
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REPRODUCTIVE DISEASE |
REPRODUCTIVE DISEASE |
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What are overconditioned sows prone to? |
Stillbirths |
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Seasonal Infertility |
- Late summer - Suspected to be combination of heat stress, photoperiod effects - Poor cycling, decreased feed intake, small litters, increased abortions - Change management to promote cooling and feed intake + breed more gilts/sows to make up for loses |
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PRRS Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome |
- Late term. Abortion storms - Various stages of decomposition/health - Sows often sick - Sample fetal thoracic fluids, thymus from at least half the litter for PCR (not all will get infected in utero) - Once exposed, low level abortions in gilts/new stock - Some live piglets will be spreaders (infection does not equal death) |
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Parvovirus |
Mummies classic finding and are best diagnostic sample. Ubiquitous in population so immunity widespread by second gestation |
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Pseudorabies |
Abortion storms Look for involvement of other ages Multifocal necrosis in various tissues Reportable disease |
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Circovirus (PCV-2) |
Fetal myocarditis |
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Classical Swine Fever/Hog Cholera |
Highly virulent strains cause ill sow Other strains may only cause mummified, weak, or stillborn piglets Bloody diarrhea |
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Leptospira |
Abortions occur at 1-4 weeks post infection Abortion storms Usually autolysed, late term Dx: PCR Vaccinate |
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Fever |
Any agent that causes fever can lead to abortion (i.e. influenza) |
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Mastitis, metritis, agalactia (MMA or dysgalactia syndrome) |
- Poorly defined syndrome - several causes can induce decreased milk production (eg. Endotoxemia, mycotoxins, etc.) - Often febrile with swollen mammary glands, anorexia reluctance to rise or nurse. - Usually within 3 days of farrowing. - Dx - culture for mastitis. - Treat with nursing care, antibiotics, banamine, increased exercise |
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Non-infectious causes of decreased reproductive performance |
Poor nutrition Stress Mycotoxicosis Over-conditioned sows Hot farrowing rooms Carbon monoxide toxicity Seasonalinfertility Etc. |
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Reducing pre-weaning mortality |
- Decrease oxytocin use at farrowing - Adequate colostrum / boost sows 6 weeks before delivery - Prevent chilling - Assist slow-farrowing sows - Assure adequate teat availability - Use clean implements, good hygiene for baby pig processing. One set per litter |
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Urinary Tract Diseases |
Leptospirosis Cystitis pyelonephritis (Actinobaculum suis) Sepsis (turkey egg kidney) PDNS (shown) Urate crystals in medulla of dehydrated piglets Pigweed Aminoglycoside toxicity |
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Cardiovascular/Systemic Disease |
Pericardium distended with fluid Yellow, strands of fibrin Heart underneath has foci of hemorrhage and fibrins strands Often causes unanticipated death in young pigs Think Strep suis/glasser's/mulberry heart (selenium deficiency) Culture Examine feed content/liver analysis for selenium Penicillin + Selenium injections prophylactically |
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Fibrinous polyserositis |
Strep suis/Glasser's - suppurative meningitis, fibrin on surface of heart, pleura, abdominal cavity, joints = fibrinous polyserositis |
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Mycoplasma hyosynoviae |
Usually 3 - 6 month old pigs, high morbidity/lowmortality. Stiff, lame pigs with excessive serous joint fluid. Treat withantibiotics (Tylosin, Nufluor, Lincomycin, Tiamulin). No meningitis as with glasser's/strep suis |
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Mycoplasma hyorhinus |
Usually 2 - 12 wks. Generally part of a polyserositis reaction (not just joints). Serofibrinous exudate. Low morbidity/mortality Treat with antibiotics (Tylosin, Nufluor, Lincomycin, Tiamulin) No meningitis as with glasser's/strep suis |
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Glasser's disease Haemophilus parasuis =fibrinous polyserositis, infectious polyarthritis |
Component of fibrinous polyserositis. Usually2wk - 4m. Many serovars Changing epidemiology Carried in nasal cavity Cx: pyrexia, dyspnea, lameness, tremors etc. to chronic lameness, cough, weight loss in many survivors Can be devastating in high health herds Dx tricky Vaccines must include appropriate serotype High dose parenteral antibiotics (Tetracycline, Enrofloxacin) Resistance common |
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Streptococcal arthritis (Strep. suis) |
Causes a septicema/polyserositis that caninclude joints of weaners and growers. Dx. by culture. Treat with antibiotics (Penicillin, Tetracycline, Ceftiofur, Enrofloxacin) Can cause epizootics. |
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Acute vs. chronic Erysipelas |
Acute: sick and febrile, unwilling to eat, reluctant to move around, septic with neutrophilia Chronic: eroded/ulcerated joints - severely lame, decreased ROG, not shedding; endocarditis Contaminates environment and persists Vaccinate |
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Pseudorabies |
multifocal necrosis, multiple systems |
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MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES |
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES |
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Porcine Stress Syndrome (malignant hyperthermia) |
Pigs usually found dead although tremors, rigidity, pyrexia may be seen. Necropsy findings include rapid rigor; pale, soft, exudative pork, and pulmonary edema. Can test for this genetic defect in Ca transport. |
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Osteoporosis |
Common in gilts during 1st lactation Lameness, fractures, reluctant to move Dx at necropsy. Provide supplemental mineral. |
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Splayleg (spraddleleg) |
Poor adductor function due to myofibrillar hypoplasia/degeneration Multiple factors/possible etiologies. With nursing care many piglets recover by 2 weeks of age. Splay leg hobbles - stay on for a few days until muscles develop, then remove |
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Dyschondroplasia Osteochondrosis |
Affects growing cartilage, although adults may have chronic, residual lesions Lameness. Shoulder and stifle joints are common sites but any joint or physis is a potential target. Dx at necropsy. Control by selective culling program but is a multifactorial disease. |
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Various causes of arthritis
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Erysipelas Strep suis (streptococcal arthritis) Mycoplasma Hyorhinus - <3mos Mycoplasma Hyosynoviae - 3-6months |
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HEPATIC DISEASES |
Often concurrent damage with other body systems (e.g. salmonellosis, PCAS, pseudorabies, leptospirosis, etc.) Hepatosis dietetica (deficiency of vitamin E) "Milk spot liver" is a very common incidental finding Liver lobe torsion is a cause of mortality in sows |
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Hepatosis dietetica |
Sudden death at 2 - 16 wk due to widespread hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage. Vit E/Se deficiency. |
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Milk spot liver |
Migrating larvae (esp. ascaris suum) in the liver cause an inflammatory reaction, intralobular tissue destruction and hemorrhage. This is followed by an intense infiltration of eosiniphils and collagen production. |
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MISC. DISEASES |
MISC. DISEASES |
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Mulberry heart disease |
Sudden death in thrifty pigs at 1-16wks. Myocardial hemorrhage with hydropericardium, pulmonary edema. Vit E/Se deficiency. |
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Iron deficiency |
Rapid growth, poor reserves demand neonates be supplemented or hypochromic anemia develops. |
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Torsions |
Common in swine. Occur at mesenteric root, stomach, spleen, liver lobe and occasionally at base of large bowel. |
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Heat stroke |
Common cause of death in sows. Congested, edematous lungs |
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Hernias |
Common. Inguinal hernias are more frequent in males and are likely inherited in a polygenic fashion |
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Neoplasia |
Melanoma, lymphoma, embryonal nephroma |
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Routine surgeries |
Clip teeth +/- dock tail at less than 1 week Castration at less than 2 weeks; often must deal with inguinal hernia at this time but can chose to delay Cryptorchid - paramedian incision, best to wait until after weaned C-section - above and parallel to glands, enter horn as close to bifurcation as possible Rectal prolapse -purse string |
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Biosecurity principles |
Define and monitor the herd health status. RECORDS. Closed herd, isolated operation is best Control animals, biologics entering farm Control people, vehicles entering farm Control fomites, feed, water entering farm Prevent entry of wildlife, vermin Control flies Control traffic flow within a premises to minimize spread should an outbreak occur |
