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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the major viral infections that cause villus blunting and malabsorption
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TGE and Rotavirus
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What infection in pigs causes destruction of intestinal absorptive epithelium
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Coccidiosis
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Absence of white lymphatic ducts due to impaired absorption of milk is indicative of what type of infection?
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Viral
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What is the most common pathogen associated with inflammatory diarrhea?
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Salmonella Typhimurium
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T/F Coccidiosis is on your ddx list with a 4 day old pig
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False- Coccidiosis won't appear until 6 days of age
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In a neonatal pig with diarrhea which of the following is not a potential pathogen on your list of differenials?
a. E. coli b. Clostriduim difficile c. Salmonella typhimurium d. Rotavirus |
C. Salmonella typhimurium
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With a post weaning/growing finish pig, you will not have this pathogen on your list of differentials
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Clostridium perfringens Type A & C
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T/F Absorption occurs predominantly in the villus epithelium
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True
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T/F Secretion occurs predominantly in the villus epithelium
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False- occurs in the crypt epithelium
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T/F Major histological damage is seen in acute disease
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False-only minor histo damage is seen
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How do you treat secretory diarrhea?
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Oral rehydration solutions are effective in alleviating dehydration
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T/F In secretory diarrhea, enterotoxins bind to intestinal epithelial cells and elicit secretion of electrolytes and block Cl- absorption resulting in massive fluid loss into the intestinal lumen
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False- blocks Na+ absorption
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**Name 4 causes of malabsorptive diarrhea
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TGE
Rotavirus Coccidiosis Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae (Swine Dysentery) |
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Which pathogen produces toxins that bind to intestinal epithelium and activate sensory nerves?
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C. difficile
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What are the 3 major mechanisms by which mast cells induce diarrhea?
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Hypersecretion
Inflammation Increased gut permeability |
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What are three predisposing factors for neonatal enteric disease in pigs?
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Lack of maternal passive immunity
Stress Intestinal immaturity |
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What is the most important step to minimize enteric disease in piglets?
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meet the piglets basic needs
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What types of stress can predispose neonatal enteric disease in pigs?
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temperature stress (cold, drafts, etc)
psychologucal stress (cross fostering) handling stress (castration/processing) |
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T/F naive gilts are equal to sows ain terms of maternal passive immunity
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False
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What is the age of onset for E. coli neonatal diarrhea?
Through what age might it last? |
Can cause diarrhea at any age of pig (neonatal through postweaning/grow and finish)
Always a ddx Mortality and morbidity more severe in neonatal period |
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What are the two major E. coli diarrheal diseases in pigs?
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K88 E. coli (neonatal diarrhea, postweaning diarrhea)
F18 E. coli (postweaning diarrhea) |
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Which type of E.coli cannot occur in piglets <3 weeks old?
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F18 E. coli
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What is the earliest age of onset for K88 Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?
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Day 1 and onward
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T/F Gilt litters are more severely affected than sow litters with K88 E.coli
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True
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T/F Enterotoxins cause hypersecretion and malabsorption leading to diarrhea
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True
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You see a few day old piglets with watery diarrhea, a wet backside, reddened perineal area, and dehydration. All the piglets are huddled together in the pen.
When one of the piglets died you performed a necropsy and found fluid filled intestinal loops and some hyperemic mesenteric blood vessles. Interestingly, the villus structures were not affected on histopath |
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
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How can you control enterotoxigenic E. coli?
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Sow vaccination
Abx treatment (oral preferred-Aminoglycosides) |
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What are the two major clostridial species that cause enteric disease in pigs?
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Clostridium perfringens (Type A and Type C)
Clostridium difficile |
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What are the predisposing factors for gut Clostridial spp?
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FPT
Disturbances in or poorly developed intestinal microbiota |
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How early can piglets get clostridial enteric disease?
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Day one (early in neonatal period)
Type A = 1-7d Type C = <2d (chronic form later) |
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*T/F Clostridium perfringens Type A causes high mortality and high morbidity
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FALSE - LOW mortality and high morbidity
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What is the most common type of clostridual disease in piglets today?
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C. perfringens Type A
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T/F: You will see blood with C. perfringens Type A
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False-Will NOT see blood (helps to differentiate from Type C)
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T/F: Clostridium perfringens Type A does not attach to the villus and produces a secretory diarrhea
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True
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C. perfringens Type A prevention
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Commercial C. perfringens Type A toxoid
Killed autogenous vaccine Abx treatment in sow diet (most commonly used) Tylan orally and/or inj |
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What are the two major disease presentations for C. perfringens Type C
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Peracute
Chronic |
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Case: You come into your neonatal piglet room and find high mortality. On necropsy you find fulls stomachs and blood filled intestinal loops. There is complete destruction and necorsis. What do you likely have?
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Peracute C. perfringens type C
chronic form = NO blood in lumen |
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Where in the intestine does C. perfringens type C cause disease?
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Small intestine
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What do the alpha and beta toxins in C. perfringens Type C cause?
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epithelial necrosis and sloughing
it invades lamina propria causing necrosis and hemorrhage |
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Which below fits best with chronic C. perfringens Type C?
Necrohemorrhagic or necrotic membrane Adherent fibrinohemorrhagic membrane Blood in lumen Thick walls of small intestine |
CHRONIC=Adherent fibrinohemorrhagic membrane and Thick walls of small intestine (no blood in lumen)
Peracute = Necrohemorrhagic or necrotic membrane and blood in lumen |
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How can you diagnose C. perfringens Type C?
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impression smear and anaerobic culture
multiplex PCR NOTE: generally gross lesions are "sufficient: for diagnosise of peracute form |
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How can you control or prevent C.perfringens Type C?
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Not a common disease anymore but can:
vaccinate sows or admin C. perfringens type C antitoxin to newborn piglets |
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What is the likley source of infection of C. difficile
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spores from prior farrowing groups scouring piglets and sow feces
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Case: Your 2 day old piglets have yellow pasty diarrhea, morbidity of about 20% and mortality of 20% of those. Surviving piglets are stunted at weaning and show weightloss.
Necropsy: moderate to severe mesocolonic edema, suppurative inflammation in colon and cecum, and no remarkable lesions in the small intestine |
C. difficile
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What type of diarrhea does C. difficile cause?
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Inflammatory (mast cell activation)
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How do you diagnose C. difficile?
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Culture
Lesions Presence of C. difficile toxins type A and B ELISA (though this is coming into question now-may only suggest subclinical disease) |
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What are two ways to prevent and treat C. difficile?
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Sow immunization
Sanitation Abx (be careful not to wipe out good bacteria)-bacitracin is effective Probiotics |
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What is the site of lesions for C. difficile?
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colon and rectum
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What is the mortality like with C. perfringens Type A? Type C?
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Type A = Low
Type C = High |
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Which clostridial disease will cause blood filled intestinal loops?
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C. perfringens Type C
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T/F C. difficile is and uncommon pathogen
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FALSE-common pathogen (though not as common as C. perfringens Type A)
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T/F: It is common to see bloody scours with C. perfringens Type C?
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False-often die too quickly to show that CS
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What is the agent of Coccidiosis that infects piglets?
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Isospora suis
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T/F Eimeria suis causes piglet disease
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False-Isospora suis
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T/F Clinical signs of Coccidiosis is usually seen between 7-14d of age
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True-NEVER before 6d
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What is the prevalence of Coccidiosis on farms
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affects 48-85% farms worldwide
>30% litters affected |
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Case: You have 8d old piglets that have white to yellow diarrhea and is fluid to pasty in consistency. No blood is detected in the stools. The diarrhea lasted between 4-6d and had high morbidity but low mortality. Those that survived were stunted in growth
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Coccidiosis
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What is the source of infection for Coccidiosis
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Farrowing environment (sows play minimal role in transmission)
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T/F Coccidiosis oocysts are very resistent
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True
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What form of Coccidiosis is ingested by the piglet?
a. sporozoite b. sporulated oocyst c. merozoite |
b. sporulated oocyst
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What is the pre-patent period of Coccisiosis
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5-7d-this is why diarrhea doesn't occur before 6d of age
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What type of diarrhea is caused by Coccidiosis?
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Malabsorptive
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T/F: coccidiosis causes intestinal loops filled with fluid and cause villus hypertrophy
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False - causes intestinal loops filled with yellowish, watery contents with villus ATROPHY
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How can you prevent Coccidiosis in your piglets?
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Sanitation (all in all out)
Clorox or Flaming(very effective) Porous flooring Abx to prevent secondary infxns Marquis off-label with prescription to piglets around day 5 Paint porus surfaces to "trap" it |
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TGE stands for...
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Transmissible Gastroenteritis
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What type of virus is TGE?
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Coronavirus
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What is a close relative of TGE but results in fewer signs and lower mortality and may actually be protective against severe outbreaks of TGE?
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PRC-porcine respiratory coronavirus
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What is the "TGE season"?
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When temperatures drop...TGE survives well in water, feces, and freezing temperatures
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When would you see an acute herd epidemic of TGE?
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in naive populations when temperatures drop
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What are the two forms of TGE?
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Acute (naive populations)
Endemic (constant reoccurence and partial immunity-gilts and neonates) |
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Case: Piglets with moderate to explosive diarrhea, and vomiting/dehydration. You also notice a distinctive odor that smells quite putrid. Your piglets <3weeks old have high mortality. Your older pigs have a high rate of morbidity. Those that survive are stunted.
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TGE
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What type of diarrhea is TGE?
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Malabsorptive
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Necropsy: Large volume of yellow fluid in the small intestine. The gut wall is thin but there is no necrosis of the mucosa. The intestinal lacteals are also empty.
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TGE
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What does TGE do to the villous?
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Causes atrophy (or contraction down)
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What would you think of if you saw full lacteals that were white?
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E. coli
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How might you diagnose TGE?
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Select acutely affected pigs!
CS (vomiting and diarrhea) FA and/or IHC Rt-PCR EM to id coronavirus |
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How can you prevent the acute form of TGE?
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BIOSECURITY
purchase from a TGE neg stock |
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How do you treat and prevent TGE
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Tx: supportive
Prevention: provide optimal pig environment and attention |
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What can you doe to prevent the endemic form of TGE?
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feed back scours to sows and bred gilts
Close herd for 4months Herd-wide immunity develops and eliminates TGE |
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When does diarrhea begin with rotavirus infection?
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>7d (often around post-weaning)
unless niave herd when you can see it at 1d og age |
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How is rotavirus spread
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fecal-oral
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Case: white-yellowish diarrhea in 9d old pigelts. They have moderate dehydration and weight loss. Only a few pigs showed vomiting. There is a low morbidity and low mortality(not very severe). Necropsy shows a thin flaccid intestinal wall and villous atrophy in jejunum and ileum.
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Rotavirus
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How do you prevent Rotavirus?
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Sanitation
Reduce virus in environment (disinfect) Vaccination Pay close attention to trigger events (stress and temp fluctuations) |
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What are the two types of E. coli diarrheal disease?
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K88 (neonatal) and F18 (postweaning)
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Case: Piglets about 6d postweaning begin showing diarrhea. You also see some CNS signs (staggering, head tilt, circiling, paddling) and edema. Many of the pigs have sudden death.
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F18 E. coli (Edema disease)
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What can you do to prevent edema disease (F18 E.coli)?
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Incouclate water with nonpathogenic F18 E. coli
Water acidifiers Spray dried porcine plasma Zn300 ppm in diets NO VACCINES/Toxoids in US |
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DDx for CNS signs in a pig
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Strep suis
Haemophilus Salt toxixity F18 E. coli |
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What is the toxin called that causes edema disease
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Shiga like tonxin
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What tissues would you submit for pathology on edema disease
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Gut (edema) and brain (necrosis)
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What are the two major Salmonella diseases affecting swine?
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Septicemia (S. cholerasuis)
Enterocolitis (S. typhymurium) |
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What triggers the shedding and enterocolitis of Salmonella
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stress in the grow-finisher pd.
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Case: 5 Growing pigs are off feed and look like they have lost weight. They had intermittent watery yellow-pale brown diarrhea that later began to contain some mucous, fibrin, and blood. They also have a fever.
Necropsy: showed distended abdomens with rectal stricture, button ulcers, and a heavy/edematous and erosive lower small intestine and large intestine |
Salmonella typhimurium enterocolitis
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T/F: Isolation of S. typhimurium equals diagnosis
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False
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How do you prevent S. typhimurium
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Environment/sanitation
Vaccination is effective but not really used much anymore |
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**What is the cause of ileitis in swine?
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Lawsonia intracellularis
FORMS= **PHE (prolif. hemorr. enteropathy) -high mortality **PIA (porcine intest. adenomatosis) -most common-major econ. losses w/ poor feed conversion *Necrotic proliferative enteritis (late PIA) |
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What is the age group of PHE (prolif. hemorr. enteropathy) and how does it present?
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4-12months
Acute hemorrhagic form-acute anemia, hemorrhagic diarrhea and sudden death (up to 50% mortality) |
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What is the age group of PIA (porcine intest. adenomatosis) and how does it present?
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6-20wks
poor feed conversion and growth rates sporadic diarrhea wasting variation in growth rate |
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What cells in the intestine does Lawsonia intracellularis affect?
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Crypt epithelium
(undergo mitosis but fail to mature = malabsorption) |
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How do you diagnose ileitis?
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Gross lesions
PCR Histochemical staining (IHC) |
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#1 HISTO of ileitis case:
blunted villi flattented cuboidal cells crypt hyperplasia loss of goblet cells #2 HISTO ileitis case: dunuded mucosa necrosis hemorrhage loss of goblet cells |
#1 = PIA
#2 = PHE |
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What is the cause of Swine dysentery?
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Brachyspira hyodensenteriae
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Why is swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodensenteriae) difficult to control?
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Survives well in cool, moist enviro
Recovered pigs can shed for 70d Pigs and mice = reservoir (mice can shed for 200d) Dogs, cats, birds, rats, and flies are mechanical vectors |
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CASE: Growing pigs with gray/yellow mucoid feces progressing to blood tinged (some stains between their legs). Pigs are pale and weak. Some suddenly died.
Necropsy revealed lesions limited to the large intestine (swollen, mucous covered, fibronecrotic lesions) |
Brachyspira hyodensenteriae (Swine dysentery)
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How do you treat Brachyspira hyodensenteriae (swine dysentery)
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Medication via water or IM
Medicate for 3-5wks (Tiamulin and carbadox are effective usually-resistant to Tylosin) |
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How can you eradicate Brachyspira hyodensenteriae?
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Perform in summer months
Rodent control Empty manure pits Medication for 1-2mo Empty barns and clean/disinfect |
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NOTE: look up TGE, PCV2 enteritis, and Hemorrhagic Bowel syndrome in grower/finishers on your own
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These are just other ddx for growers/finshers and I don't feel like writing questions for them
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What is the prevalence of gastric ulcers determined at slaughter?
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32-65%
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**What are some factors that contribute to gastric ulcers?
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finely ground feed
anorexia stress Helicobacter spp. |
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Case: Pigs about 9wks old that are depressed and off-feed. They have black tarry stools and pale skin.
What are you thinking could be going on? |
Gastric ulcer
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What part of the GI tract would you check for gastric ulcers?
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pars esophagea
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**Name 4 causes of inflammatory diarrhea
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Lawsonia intracellularis (ileitis)
Salmonella enterocolitis C. difficile Swine dysentery |
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What is the mechanism of post-weaning F18E. coli?
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Vasotoxin (shiga like) resulting in edema
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Which type (A or C) or Clostridium perfringens causes greater economic losses and is more common?
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Type A
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Which type (A or C) or Clostridium perfringens does NOT attach to epithelium?
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Type A
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What is the mechanism of Clostridium perfringens Type C diarrhea?
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Exudation of protein and extracellular fluid
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**What enteric pathogens in neonatal pigs cause blood/hemorrhage?
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Clostridium perfringens Type C
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What neonatal enteric diseases are associated with high mortality?
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E. coli
TGE Clostridium perfringens Type C |
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What pathogens cause CNS and diarrhea?
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F18 E. coli
PRRS |
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What GI disease in finishers cause blood/hemorrhage?
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Salmonella
Ileitis HBS Brachyspira Gastric ulcers |