Sweet And Fortified Wine

Front 1

What temperatures is required at harvest for making Icewine/Eiswein?

Back 1

Below - 8 C.

Front 2

When does harvest normally takes place for Eiswein, Germany?

Back 2

Between five and eight in the morning of the first sufficiently cold November or December days.

Front 3

In Ontario, Canada a hybrid is allowed in Icewine-making, which one?

Back 3

Vidal.

Front 4

What is Estufagem?

Back 4

Used in Madeira, where the wine is slowley heated over several week to between 40-50 C. The heating process Itself is called estufagem. Estufas simulate the effects of the long tropical sea voyages in the 19th centuries when Madeira was stowed in the hold of a ship to age prematurely as a result of the temperature changes involved in a round trip across the tropics.

Front 5

From which (six) grapes can you produce Madeira?

Back 5

Sercial, Bual, Verdelo, Malvasia, Tinta Negra (Negramoll/Tinta Negra Mole), Complexa.

(Terrantez & Bastardo historically made, although today almost extinct)

Front 6

What time is required for ageing Madeira labeled as:

Finest

Reserve

Special Reserve

Extra Reserve

Back 6

Finest - 3y

Reserve - 5y

Special Reserve - 10y

Extra Reserve - 15y

Front 7

Name the four categories of Madeira, from the driest to the sweetest (named originally from the grapes varieties which they were made)

Back 7

Sercial - Bual - Verdelo - Malmsey (Malvasia)

Front 8

Although most of the newer vineyards are Cordon/Guyot-trained in Madeira, what is the name of the traditional training system, and why is it used?

Back 8

Latada (pergola) - serve to raise canopy above ground, making the grapes less vulnerable to fungal disease.

Front 9

Which grape is used in making Sétubal?

Back 9

Muscatel aka Muscat de Alexandria

Front 10

What is the name of the fungus who causes Noble Rot?

Back 10

Botrytis Cinerea

Front 11

What are the ideal conditions for the development of noble rot?

Back 11

Temperate climate in which the humidity associated with early morning mists followed by warm, sunny afternoons in which the grapes are dried and the progress of the fungus is restrained.

Front 12

When the vineyard is effected by Botrytis C. what happens inside the grape?

Back 12

The fungus reduces a grape’s sugar content by its third, but reduces the total acidity by approximately 70%: tartaric acid is generally degreed more than the usually less important Malic acid. The fungus forms a wide range of chemical compounds in the grape juice, including Glycerol, acetic acid, gluconic acid, various enzymes especially laccase and pectinase, as well as the yeast-inhibiting glycoprotein ‘botrytcine’, The phenolics in the grape skins are also broken down by the fungus so that the tannin content of the juice insignificantly reduced.

Front 13

What is Laccase (Botrytis)?

Back 13

This is an enzyme present in grapes that have been attacked by Botrytis. It is one of the polyphenol oxidase group of enzymes and, as such, it promotes oxidation and causes the vine to turn deep gold or even brown.

Front 14

Which grapes are allowed in the making of sweet Tokaj?

Back 14

Furmint, Hárslevelü, Sárgamuskotály (Muscat blanc à petit grains).

Front 15

From where in Tokaji is the best Noble Rot wines produced, and what is the soil-type here?

Back 15

Around the south facing slopes of Zemplén. Volcanic soil.

Front 16

What is Eszencia?

Back 16

Wine made from free-run juice of botrytis-grapes in Tokaj, this wine is very sweet and takes years to ferment. It's usually not bottled by its own, more common to use as a blending component i Aszú wines.

Front 17

Explain the steps of wine-making in Aszú Tokaj, from harvest to maturation:

Back 17

Thebotrytised berries are collected in bins at the winery and are stored. The healthy berries are then harvested and used for making a normal dry white wine. The next step is to give the aszú berries a gentle crushing and add them in measured quantities to the dry base wine. After macerating with careful mixing for a few hours, the wine drained off the skins and is transferred to barrels in the deep cool cellars where it stays for a minimum of two years, but often much longer.

Front 18

In Tokaj, what style of wine is Szamorodni?

(2 answers)

Back 18

1. Dry; Grapes harvested at a ripness level comparable to that of Beerenauslese, but fermented dry and subjected to subtle maturation under a film-forming yeast.

2. Sweet; Made in the sweet style when the sugar content of the grape is so high that the must will not ferment fully dry. Min. sugar lever 45g/l, matured partly on oak.

Front 19

What is the minimum time on oak for Tokaj Aszú?

Back 19

2 years.

Front 20

What does Puttonyos mean?

Back 20

(Tokaj) Thename originates from the word for the hod in which the botrytis-grapes used to be collected. It was previously also used to divide Aszú Tokajs into different categories, depending on the sweetness of the wine, reaching from 3-6 puttonyos.

Front 21

Which three centers create the "Sherry-Triangle"?

Back 21

Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda and Puerto Santa María.

Front 22

What is a venencia?

Back 22

It'sa typical narrow, cylindrical cup attached to a long, flexible handle thatis used to draw out wine from a barrel. It'stypical for Andalusia and one of the traditional symbols of sherry production.

Front 23

What is the typical bottle for sherry called?

Back 23

Botella Jerezana, the Jerezian bottle

Front 24

What is the name of the famous white soil in Jerez?

Back 24

Albariza (high limestone content, the remainder being clay and sand)

Front 25

What is the name of the pruning method used in DO Jerez-Xérès-Sherry?

Back 25

Vara y Pulgar (stick and thumb)

Front 26

Describes 3 benefits of the Albariza-soil

Back 26

1. The white color, which reflects the sunlight back up to the vine, aiding in photosynthesis.

2. It's a rather lose soil, which is easy to work , which facilitates the distribution of the root system.

3. The high moisture retaining power, storing rainfall in order to nourish the vines during the dry months.

Front 27

What is a Pago (Sherry)?

Back 27

Spanish word, used in terroir Jerez, usually translates to Vineyard, but that's incorrect, there can be multiple vineyards in one Pago, with different owners but with similar characteristics, better translated as a "Vineyard district" or "Vineyard cluster"

Front 28

Which three grapes are used in Sherry?

Back 28

Palomino (Palomino Fino) Pedro Ximénez and Muscat.

Front 29

What does En Rama means on the Sherry-label?

Back 29

Raw-Sherry. The closest possible to straight from the cask. Applies to biologically aged sherries, which usually undergo excessively heavily filtering and clarifying. En Rama sherries are still filtered, but way less harsh, leaving more flavors.

Front 30

What is the three name's of the Solera rows?

Back 30

Añada, Criadera (1,2,3), Solera.

Front 31

What is the name of the yeast that causes Flor in Sherry?

Back 31

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Front 32

Describes what happens in the barrel when flor develops

Back 32

The Flor-yeast uses alcohol and oxygen to produce a 'waxy' coating on the cells’exterior which permits them to float on the wine’s surface. The flor-yeast begin to form as small white curds on the surface of the wine, typically in spring after fermentation as the ambient temperature begin to rise. These increase in size until the surface is completely covered by a thin white film which gradually thickens and browns. They also produce Acetaldehyde. Film Sherries cannot be made in stainless steel tanks because the yeast uses so much alcohol that the wine become watery and eventually acetifies. In wooden barrel, in the area’s low-humidity cellars, there is enough preferential evaporation of water trough to wood that the water loss just balances the alcohol used by the yeast. The flor-yeast also degrees the level of sugars; and glycerol(!).

Front 33

What is Acetaldehyde?

Back 33

When alcohol become oxidized, they produce aldehydes, ethanol producing acetaldehyde. In Fino sherry it is an important constituent of the flavor profile, but in most other wines it is regarded as unwelcome. It also binds very strongly to Sulphur dioxide producing bisulfite addition compounds and removing the protection of the free SO2.

Front 34

Where is the Sherry matured if it's later labeled Manzanilla?

Back 34

Sanlúcar de Barrameda

Front 35

To what strength is the wine fortified in order to make a Oloroso?

Back 35

Ca. 17,5%

Front 36

What Sherry-style can be described as a oxidated Fino?

Back 36

Amontillado

Front 37

How is Palo Cortado made?

Back 37

It should have the aromatic refinement of Amontillado combined with the structure and body of an Oloroso - meaning it start's as a fino/amontillado but the flor-yeast dies after one-three years.

Front 38

What applies in Banyuls Grand Cru?

Back 38

Made only in the particularly good years, 30 months barrel-ageing and 75% Grenache.

Front 39

Which was the first appellation for VDN's in France?

Back 39

Frontignan, uses Muscat Blanc à petit grains.

Front 40

Which grapes can be used in Riversaltes VDN?

Back 40

Muscat (Muscat de Riversaltes), Grenache noir, Grenache gris, Grenache blanc, Maccabeo and Vermentino.

Front 41

Counting from the harvest, when can Riversaltes first be released?

Back 41

16 months after harvest.

Front 42

Name two AOC for VDN in southern Rhône

Back 42

Beaume-de-Veinise and Rasteau

Front 43

From which region does 90% of France's VDN come?

Back 43

Roussillon

Front 44

Which is the first Grand Cru in Loire for Botrytis-grapes?

Back 44

Quarts de Chaume

Front 45

Which three regions in Loire are best known for Noble rot wines?

Back 45

Coteaux du Layon, Bonnezeaux and Quarts de Chaume.

Front 46

What grape are used to make Noble rot wines in the Loire valley?

Back 46

Chenin blanc.

Front 47

Which four grapes can be used in Sélection de Grains Nobles, Alsace?

Back 47

Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Muscat and Pinot Gris.

Front 48

If you're making a noble rot wine in Germany, which Prädikat do you use?

Back 48

Beerenausslese and Trockenbeerenauslese.

Front 49

What's the name of the water i Austria that gives the opportunity to produce considerable quantities of botrytis-wine most years?

Back 49

(Burgenland) Neusiedleresee

Front 50

What are the names of the rivers i Bordeaux which gives Sauternes it's opportunity to produce Noble rot wines?

Back 50

Garonne and Ciron

Front 51

Which grapes can be used in a Sauternes AOC?

Back 51

Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc and Muscadelle

Front 52

(Port) What is Lagar?

Back 52

Upon arrival to the winery, the grapes are tipped into Lagares (ap. four meters square, less than one meter in depth) where they are crushed by the bare feet of a band, usually men. Today there is a preferred method of "mechanical lagar" - a machine which mimics the action of treading.

Front 53

What is a Colheita Port?

Back 53

A tawny port from a single vintage.

Front 54

What is a Single Quinta Port?

Back 54

Single vineyard port, usually made the same way as vintage port.

Front 55

What grapes are used in Marsala Oro & Marsala Rubino?

Back 55

Oro: Grillo, Inzolia, Catarratto and Damaschino

Rubino:Perricone, Calabrese (Nero d'Avola), and Nerello Mascalese; plus a max. 30%white grapes

Front 56

Where is Marsala made?

Back 56

Around the town Marsala on the western tip of Sicily.

Front 57

What is the minimum lenght of time in barrel for:

Marsala Fine

Marsala Superiore

Marsala Superiore Riserva

Marsala Vergine

Marsala Vergine Riserva/Stravecchio/Solera Riserva

Back 57

Marsala Fine - 1y

Marsala Superiore - 2y

Marsala Superiore Riserva - 4y

Marsala Vergine - 5y

Marsala Vergine Riserva/Stravecchio/Solera Riserva - 10y

Front 58

Which is the five main grapes in Port wines?

Back 58

Tinta Roriz, Touriga National, Touriga Franca, Tinta Cão, Tinta Barroca.

Front 59

Which is the two most common grapes for the very limited white port?

Back 59

Sercial - here called Esgana Cão - and Malvasia

Front 60

Which town is home to most of the Port Lodges?

Back 60

Vila Nova de Gaia

Front 61

What is Socacos (Port)?

Back 61

Narrow flat terraces, supported by stone walls, still accounts for ca 40% of the vineyard area.

Front 62

What grades are the vineyards in the Douro valley given for Port-wine-making?

Back 62

A-F, were A is the best. This does not appear on the label.

Front 63

What is the Benefico-system (Port)?

Back 63

The system used to control Port production, every year it is decided how many grapes can be made into Port, basing on quality on the vintage and current stock levels. The benefico is divided between the approved vineyards so that every grade has the right to sell some grapes to port production. - this system ensures that the 33 000 growers can make a living.

Front 64

What sweets wine is made in Santorini, Greece?

Back 64

Vinsanto, which is made by sun-dried Assyrtiko grapes, oak-aged for several years after fermentation. Rare and expensive.

Front 65

What is Commandaria?

Back 65

A sweet wine from Cyprus, made from the sun-dreid Mavro and Xynisteri grape varieties. The wine may be fortified after fermentation. Minimum aging is 2 years, traditionally made in 'mana' (similar to solera).

Front 66

What is Mavrodaphne?

Back 66

The grape variety used to make a port-like dessert wine in Pátras, Greece.

Front 67

From which grapes is the Italian Vin Santo traditionally made?

Back 67

Trebbiano and Malvasia.

Front 68

The technique of twisting the stems of the gape bunches to deprive them of sap, leaving the grapes to raisin on the vine, may have originated from were?

Back 68

Crete.

Front 69

What wine is Constantia?

Back 69

Legendary dessert wine from the Cape, South Africa. Rare today, made from late-harvested Muscat.

Front 70

What does Vin de paille mean?

Back 70

French for 'straw wine', wine made from grapes dried on straw mats.

Front 71

Where in Frence is most Vin de Paille made?

Back 71

Jura (1% of totalt production), Rhône (used to be made in Hermitage but today very rare) and Alsace (rare but some experimental winemakers is renewing the style).

Front 72

What sweet wine is made in Rutherglen?

Back 72

(North-east Victoria) Extremly sweet fortified wines from Muscat (and also Topaque).

Front 73

Which grapes are used for sweet Monbazillac?

Back 73

Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc and Gris, and Muscadelle.

Front 74

Monbazillac - when was mechanical harvest banned and why?

Back 74

1993 - in a determined quest for quality, tries in the vineyard were insisted upon. Since 1993 there has been a clear distinction between serious sweet Monbazillac and early-picked Bergerac Sec.

Front 75

What is Recioto Fresco?

Back 75

A young Recioto from the latest harvest, unfinished fermentation and therefore low in alcohol and with a higher sugar content, usually served during Palico del Recioto di Negrar and Festa dei Vini Classici della Valpoliciella, not sold on the market.

Front 76

What is Recioto Liquroso?

Back 76

Fortified Recioto, historically more common than today (until 1990 a part of DOC Valpolicella).

Front 77

What is Recioto Spurmante?

Back 77

A sparking style of Recioto, hardly ever made but still legally permitted.

Front 78

Which grapes are premitted for Recito della Valpolicella?

Back 78

Corvina (45-95%)

Corvinone (5-30%)

Rondinella (5-30%)

Front 79

When was Recioto della Valpolicella granted DOCG?

Back 79

2009

Front 80

From were, and of which grapes are white Recioto made?

Back 80

Recito di Soave (70% Garganega, max 30% Trebbiano di Saove, Pinot Blanco and Chardonnay).

Recitoto di Gambellare (100% Garganega).

Front 81

Which are the principal grape varieties for sweet Jurancon? (2)

Back 81

Petit Manseng & Gros Manseng

Front 82

Which other region then Sauternes are permitted to label there sweet wines as Sauternes?

Back 82

Barsac

Front 83

In Bordeaux there are 6 sub-regional appellations for sweet wines other then Sauternes, which are they?

Back 83

Barsac, Cérons, Sainte-Croix-du-Mont, Cadillac, Loupiac, and Côtes de Bordeaux Saint-Macaire.

Front 84

Traditionally, how is Ratafia made?

Back 84

Ratafia is an old, usually domestically produced wine-based apéritif made in the French countryside by dryong grapes into a raisin-like state and then moistening and fermenting them in the spring.

Front 85

What is the term for the Portuguese spirit commonly used for fortification?

Back 85

Aguardente

Front 86

What's the name of the fortified wine made i the same area ac Cognac?

Back 86

Pineau des Charentes

Front 87

What's the name of the fortified wine made in the same area as Armagnac?

Back 87

Floc de Gascogne

Front 88

What's the name of the fortified wine made in Jura?

Back 88

Macvin du Jura