Svm Thoracic Limb Flash Cards

Front 1

Describe the clavicle in the dog and the cat.

Back 1

Cat: separate, nonarticular bone

Dog: rudimentary or absent, embedded in brachiocephalicus muscle

Front 2

What does the spine of the scapula divide?

Back 2

The supraspinous fossae and the infraspinous fossae

Front 3

What is the caudal projection of the acromion found in the cat?

Back 3

Suprahamate process

Front 4

What is the glenoid fossa/ cavity and its function?

Back 4

Shallow cavity of the scapula articulating with the humeral to form the shoulder joint.

Front 5

What is the supraglenoid tuberacle and what is its function?

Back 5

Cranial process near the glenoid cavity for the attachment of the biceps brachii muscle

Front 6

What and where is the greater tubercle?

Back 6

Projection located craniolateral to the head of the humerus-- point of the shoulder

Front 7

What is the intertuberacular (biceipital) groove?

Back 7

The sulcus between the greater and lesser humeral tubercles for the biceps brachii tendon

Front 8

What is the condyle of the humerus? How many are there per humeri?

Back 8

Entire distal end of the humerus.

One

Front 9

What arises from the epicondyles of the humerus?

Back 9

Lateral (extensor) epicondyle: extensors of forearm

Medial (flexors) epicondyle: flexors

Front 10

What foramen is found in canine and feline humeri, and what passes through them?

Back 10

Cat: Supracondylar foramen- median nerve and brachial vessels

Dog: Supratrochlear foramen- nothing

Front 11

What and where is the styloid process of the radius?

Back 11

Distal point of the radius, medial

Front 12

What is the function of the olecranon/ olecranon tuberosity? What is a common name for it?

Back 12

Serves as a lever arm for the extensor muscle of the elbow.

Point of the elbow

Front 13

Name the depression of the ulna that articulates with the humerus and its proximal and distal ends.

Back 13

Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)

Proximal end= anconeal process

Distal ends= medial and lateral coronoid processes

Front 14

What and where is the styloid process of the ulna?

Back 14

Distal end of the ulna, lateral side

Front 15

List the parts of the manus from the proximal to distal (and the bones of each part).

Back 15

Carpus (carpal bones),
Metacarpus (metcarpal bones),
Digits (proximal, middle, and distal phalanges and associated sesamoid bones)

Front 16

What does the term carpus designate?

Back 16

Carpal bones and compound joints formed by these bones or the region between the forearm and the metacarpus

Front 17

Name the bones of the carpus and indicate where they are in each row.

Back 17

Proximal row from medial to lateral: radial, ulnar, and accessory carpal bones

Distal row: numbered from 1-4 from medial to lateral

Front 18

Which carpal bone is located laterally and palmarily and is considered a landmark?

Back 18

Accessory carpal bone

Front 19

List the bones of each digits and their locations.

Back 19

Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges (not middle for dew claws)

2 proximal sesamoid bones (1 for dew claw on palmar side of the metacarpophalangeal joints)

1 dorsal sesamoid bone for digit 1-4

Front 20

What is the fingernail-like structure covering the ungual process?

Back 20

Horny claw

Front 21

What is the shelf of the distal phalanx covering the root of the claw?

Back 21

Ungual crest

Front 22

What is the digit (P1, P3, 1 proximal sesamoid) + metacarpal that doesn't reach the ground?

Back 22

Dew Claw

Front 23

What is the configuration of the shoulder (scapulohumeral, humeral) joing?

Back 23

Ball and socket joint (spheroidal)

Front 24

What type of motion is allowed by the shoulder joint?

Back 24

All movements (universal) but mainly flexion and extension

Front 25

What protects the biceps tendon in the intertubercular groove?

Back 25

Extension of the shoulder joint capsule (connected) acting as a tendon sheath

Front 26

What stabilizes the shoulder joint?

Back 26

No true collateral ligaments, but infraspinatus tendon laterally and subscapularis tendon medially help stabilize

Front 27

What bones make up the elbow (cubital) joint?

Back 27

Humeral condyle, trochlear notch of ulna, head of radius

Front 28

What type of joint is the elbow/ cubital joint? And what action is allowed?

Back 28

Ginglymus or hinge joint; also compound; flexion and extension

Front 29

What powerful ligaments bind sides of all the joints of the limb except the shoulder?

How does this effect their movement?

Back 29

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments.

Limits to mainly flexion and extension

Front 30

What type of joint is the carpus? What movement does it allow?

Back 30

Compound/ composite hinge joint;

flexion and extension (also gliding and rotation)

Front 31

List the joint of the carpus and the movement each allows?

Back 31

Antebrachiocarpal joint: most movement flexion and extension)

Middle Carpal Joint: less but considerable extension and flexion

Carpometacarpal joint: very little, mainly gliding

Interacarpal joints: gliding

Front 32

List the boundaries of the carpal canal?

Back 32

Carpal bones (covered by palmar carpal fibrocartilage)

Accessory carpal bone and flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)

Front 33

List the joints of the digits (the bones they are between).

Back 33

Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints (metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx);

Proximal interdigital (PIP): P1 and P2

Distal interdigital (DIP or "claw") joint: P2 and P3

Front 34

What bones are located on the palmar side of the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Back 34

2 palmar sesamoids (main digits 2-5)

1 for declaw

Front 35

What ligament extends from proximal P2 to dorsal P3?

Back 35

Dorsal elastic ligaments, unique to carnivores

Front 36

What flexor muscles effect the interphalangeal joints?

Back 36

Prox. IP: DDF and SDF

Distal IP: DDF only

Front 37

What is the function of the elastic dorsal ligament of the cat's digits?

Back 37

Oppose DDF, keeping claw retracted ("sheathing the claw")

Front 38

What muscles connect the thoracic limb to the head, neck, and trunk?

Back 38

Extrinsic muscle of the thoracic limb

Front 39

Name five of the eight extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb.

Back 39

Trapezius,
omotransversarius, brachipcephalicius,
superficial and deep pectoral,
latissimus dorsi,
serratus ventralis,
and rhomboideus

Front 40

Which extrinsic muscle supports the weight of the trunk?

Back 40

Serratus ventralis- forms a sling for the trunk

Front 41

What muscles originate and insert on the bones of the thoracic limb?

Back 41

Intrinsic muscles of the limb

Front 42

What muscles replace collateral ligaments for the shoulder joint?

Back 42

Subscapular, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, bicep brachii mm. mainly

Front 43

What nerve innervates the superaspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?

Back 43

Olecranon

Front 44

Where does the bicep brachii muscle originate?

Back 44

Supraglenoid tuberosity

Front 45

What nerve innervates the triceps and other extensors of the elbow, carpus, and digits?

Back 45

Radial nerve

Front 46

How are the forearm muscles grouped?

Back 46

Craniolateral antebrachial muscles= Extensor of digits and carpus

Caudal antebrachial muscle= flexors of digits and carpus

Front 47

Where do most of the extensors of the digits/ carpus arise?

Back 47

On or near lateral (extensor) epicondyle

Front 48

What muscles arise from the medial (flexor) epicondyle of humerus?

Back 48

Caudal antebrachial (flexor) muscles originate

Front 49

What nerve innervates the extensors of the digits and carpus? What innervates the caudal antebrachial muscles (flexors)?

Back 49

Radial nerve

Median and ulnar

Front 50

Where does the superficial digital flexor (SDF) and DDF insert?

What is the clinical significance of this?

Back 50

SDF= Middle phalanges
DDF= Distal phalanges

DDF affects the distal interphalangeal joint, SDF doesn't

Front 51

Where are most of the vessels and nerves of the arm? Why?

Back 51

Medial side of arm, protection

Front 52

List the main arteries to the forelimb and their location.

Back 52

Subclavian artery (medial to first rib),
Axillary artery (in axilla),
Subscapular a. (along caudal scapula,
Brachial a. ( in arm),
Common interosseous a. (last branch of brachial),

Median (in forearm),
Digital aa (in paw)

Front 53

What are the locations of the cephalic and accessory cephalic veins of the manus; where do they join and continue as the cephalic vein?

Back 53

Cephalic palmar paw; accessory cephalicdorsal paw; meet above carpus to travel cranial on the forearm

Front 54

Can the lymph nodes of the thoracic limb be palpated?

Back 54

Axillary: no, accessory

Can if present, superficial cervical canal

Front 55

What two muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

Back 55

Crosses neck of scapula to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles

Front 56

What innervates the sutaneous trunci muscle?

Back 56

Lateral thoracic nerve

Front 57

What nerve innervates the flexor of the elbow and, thus, is necessary for weight bearing?

Back 57

Radial nerve

Front 58

What nerves does SS-MAR-MU stand for and from what areas of the brachial plexus do they arise?

Back 58

SS: cranial (supraspinatus, subscapularis),
MAR: middle (musculocutaneous, axillary, radial),
MU: caudal (median, ulnar)

Front 59

What nerves innervate the extensors and flexors of the forepaw?

Back 59

Extensors: radial nerve

Flexors: median & ulnar nerves

Front 60

Where does the radial nerve become superficial and, thus, in danger of damage?

Back 60

Laterally under the triceps brachii muscle

Front 61

What are two cutaneous areas of the forepaw:

Back 61

Dorsal paw: radial nerve

Abaxial 5th (lateral) digit

Front 62

What is the pad near the carpus?

Back 62

Carpal pad

Front 63

What pad is over the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Back 63

Metacarpal pad

Front 64

What are the pads over the digital joints?

Back 64

Digital Pads

Front 65

What can the cat's clavicle be mistaken for in a lateral radiograph?

Back 65

Bone in the esophagus

Front 66

What is the location of most fractures of the humerus?

Back 66

Shaft

Front 67

What hinders retraction of the median nerve and brachial artery during surgery in the cat?

Back 67

They pass in the supracondylar foramen

Front 68

What can cause premature closure of a growth plate?

Back 68

Injury to the physis

Front 69

What happens if there is a premature closure of the distal ulnar physis?

Back 69

Cr. curvature of radius and subluxation of elbow

Front 70

What is the "quick" that bleeds if a horny claw is cut to short?

Back 70

artery in the dermis over ungual process

Front 71

How is cutting the quick prevented when trimming pigmented and unpigmented claws?

Back 71

Unpigmented: don't cut into visible pink cone; pigmented: shave off layer until white area reached (just distal to quick) then use 1st to judge other rest

Front 72

What must be removed in a declawing to prevent regrowth?

Back 72

Ungual crest

Front 73

How is a declaw operation performed basically?

Back 73

Guillotine nail clipper

Front 74

What is sequestrum?

Back 74

Piece of dead bone

Front 75

What is osteochondrosis?

Back 75

Disturbance of endochondral ossification affecting articular cartilage.

Front 76

List 3 sites of osteochondrosis in the dog.

Back 76

1. Head of humerus (#1)
2. Trochlea of humerus
3. Medial coronoid process of ulna

Front 77

What is an unhealed fracture, having all the structures of a synovial joint?

Back 77

False joint

Front 78

What is an articular separation called?

Back 78

luxation, subluxation, or dislocation

Front 79

What is the most common site of osteochondrosis?

Back 79

Shoulder- head of humerus

Front 80

With what does the shoulder joint communicate in the canine?

Back 80

intertubercular (bicipital) bursa

Front 81

What helps prevent luxation of the elbow of the dog?

Back 81

Anconeal process of the olecranon fossa

Front 82

Why is lateral luxation more likely of the dog's elbow?

Back 82

Lateral epicondyle is smaller than the medial epicondyle

Front 83

Define unuited anconeal process?

Back 83

Failure of the anconeal process to unite with the ulna after 5 months of age

Front 84

What can cause degeneration of the elbow joint?

Back 84

Ununited anconeal process fragmented

Front 85

When does the anconeal process unite in German Shepherds?

Back 85

By 5 months

Front 86

What can fragmented medial coronoid process cause?

Back 86

Degeneration of elbow joint

Front 87

What is the lateral coronoid process of the ulna used to determine in lateral radiographs?

Back 87

Subluxation of the elbow

Front 88

What muscle is incised to open the elbow joint laterally?

Back 88

Anconeus

Front 89

Where are subcutaneous injections made?

Back 89

Through the skin into the superficial fascia

Front 90

How can pus move from one area to another?

Back 90

Along fascial planes

Front 91

How can a neck infection spread to the thorax?

Back 91

Migrate down fascial planes to the thoracic

Front 92

How do you determine unilateral atrophy of shoulder muscles?

Back 92

Compare muscles on both sides by palpation

Front 93

How do dogs do on three limbs?

Back 93

Most adapt well, larger the animal the harder

Front 94

Of what clinical importance are the superficial veins of the shoulder region?

Back 94

Must be retracted or ligated in surgical approaches to shoulder

Front 95

What is the easiest vein to use for venipuncture?

Back 95

Cephalic vein

Front 96

How is the cephalic vein raised for venipuncture?

Back 96

Finger pressure across lateral, cranial, and medial sides of elbow

Front 97

Where is venipuncture usually performed on the cephalic vein?

Back 97

In forearm above carpus; start distally so that is you "flub" you can move up the arm

Front 98

To punture the external jugular vein, first go through the ___ parallel to the vein and then angle and insert needle gently into the vein.

Back 98

Skin

Front 99

Why is the external jugular vein, which passes superficially up the neck, hard to perform venipuncture into?

Back 99

Moves freely

Front 100

Why can't tourniquet be effectively used in the middle of the antebrachium?

Back 100

Caudal interosseous is protected from occulsion by deep position between bones

Front 101

How is the superficial cervical lymph node palpated in a dog?

Back 101

Retract arm and palpate internal deep to brachiocephalicus and cranial to supraspinatus muscle