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222 Cards in this Set
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Which statement regarding first-intention would healing is false? a. it occurs without infection b. it occurs when the skin edges are held together in apposition c. it usually has some degree of suppuration d. it occurs with minimal scar formation |
First-intention healing occurs without infection, when the skin edges are held together in apposition, and with minimal scar formation meaning the false statement regarding first-intention is (c) it usually has some degree of suppuration (pus formation) First-intention wound healing occurs with no infection or suppuration (pus formation) |
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Which of the following statements about electrocautery is false? a. If the patient is not properly grounded, the surgeon may get shocked b. The intensity of the current passed through the unit is adjustable c. Small bleeding blood vessels are sealed with a controlled electrical current that burns the bleeding end d. all portions of the electrocautery unit can and should be sterilized |
The true statements about electrocautery are: IF the patient is not properly grounded the surgeon may get shocked. The intensity of the current passed through the unit is adjustable. Small bleeding blood vessels are sealed with a controlled electrical current that burns the bleeding end. This means the false statement about electrocautery is (d) all portions of the electrocautery unit can and should be sterilized. The cautery unit is not sterilized. Only the handle and adapter ends are sterilized. |
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Before starting the surgical procedure the technician who has scrubbed in with the surgeon should do all of the following except: a. count the gauze sponges in the pack b. arrange the instruments to be quickly and easily located c. place the scalpel blade on the handle d. open the suture material |
Before starting the surgical procedure the technician who has scrubbed in with the surgeon should count the gauze sponges in the pack, arrange the instruments to be quickly and easily located, place the scalpel blade on the handle. The technician should not (d) open the suture material The packs of suture material should not be opened until they are needed |
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What size scalpel blade fits on a No. 4 scalpel handle? a. No. 10 b. No. 12 c. No. 15 d. No. 20 |
(D) No. 20 size scalpel blade fits on a No. 4 scalpel handle |
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When assisting a surgeon in a gastric dilatation and volvulus surgery, your immediate concern is not with which of the following? a. establish intravenoush access to deliver shock doses of fluids b. calculate lidocaine dose for constant rate infusion c. monitor for cardiac arrhythmias intraoperatively and postoperatively d. prepare ultrasound unit to confirm gastric dilatation and volvulus status of animal |
When assisting a surgeon in a gastric dilatation and volvulus surgery, your immediate concern should be to establish intravenous access to deliver shock doses of fluids, calculate lidocaine dose for constant rate infusion, monitor for cardiac arrhythmias intraoperatively and postoperatively but not you are not concerned with (D) preparing ultrasound unit to confirm gastric dilatation and volvulus status of animal GAstric dilatation and volvulus status can usually be confirmed visually by passing an orogastric tube or via radiography. Hemodynamic shock, sepsis, and cardic arrhythmias are possible sequelae. Fluids should be provided in shock doses and lidocaine should be readily available to treat ventricular arrhythmias |
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The definition of sterile is a. without microbes or living spores b. without pathogenic microbes c. with the presence of commensal organisms only d. without bacteria or their by-products |
The definition of sterile is (a) without microbes or living spores. Sterile implies that there are no living organisms of any type |
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What specifically dose the strip on the autoclave tape indicate when it turns dark? a. the correct temperature has been reached b. the correct pressure has been reached c. the correct temperature for the proper amount of time has been reached d. the correct temperature, pressure, and time have been reached |
The strip ont he autoclave tape indicates that (a) the correct temperature has been reached when it turns dark The strip turns dark when the temperature of 121 degrees Celsius has been reached |
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Metzenbaum scissors are used only for a. cutting suture b. cutting paper drape c. ophthalmic surgery d. cutting tissue |
Metzenbaum scissors are used only for (d) cutting tissue These fine-edged scissors are used to cut tissue only |
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Rank the following from greatest tensile strength to least a. 00 gut, 3-0 vicryl, 1 chromic gut, 6-0 silk b. 1 chromic gut, 00 gut, 3-0 vicryl, 6-0 silk c. 6-0 silk, 3-0 vicryl, 00 gut, 1 chromic gut d. 6-0 silk, 3-0 vicryl, 1 chromic gut, 00 gut |
From greatest tensile strength to least is (b) 1 chromic gut, 00 gut, 3-0 vicryl, 6-0 silk |
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Which of the following operating room personnel should face the sterile field during a procedure? a. the surgeon only b. the scrubbed-in technicians and surgeon only c. all personnel, both scrubbed in and nonsterile d. only the surgeon and nonsterile personnel; the scrubbed-in technician should face the instrument field |
(c) all personnel, both scrubbed in and nonsterile should face the sterile field during a procedure |
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which of the following is not a major criterion used to classify suture material? a. absorbable vs nonabsorbable b. tensile strength vs size c. synthetic vs natural d. braided vs monofilament |
some of the major criterion used to classify suture material are absorbable vs nonabsorbable, synthetic vs natural, and braided vs monofilament but not (b) tensile strength vs size) suture material is not classified by tensile strength but various sizes are graded according to strength, determining the "ought" sizing |
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An advantage of braided suture over monofilament is a. knot security b. tensile strength c. does not hide bacteria in contaminated wounds d. tissue reactivity |
An advantage of braided suture over monofilament is (a) knot security Braided suture has more friction and better knot security than the same material in a monofilament |
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When attaching an animal to an ECG which is hooked up to the right foreleg? a. red b. black c. white d. green |
When attaching an animal to an ECG the (c) white lead is hooked up to the right foreleg |
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when attaching an animal to an ECG, which leg should have the red lead attached to it? a. right foreleg b. left foreleg c. right hind leg d. left hind leg |
when attaching an ECG, the (d) left hind leg should have the red lead attached to it |
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How often should instrument milk be changed? a. every day b, once a week c. every 18 days d. montly |
Instrument milk should be changed (C) every 18 days |
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When autoclaving the minimum temperature and exposure time for the center of surgical packs is a. 121.5 degrees fahrenheit for 10 minutes b. 250 degrees fahrenheit for 15 minutes c. 250 degrees fahrenheit for 20 minutes d. 300 degrees fahrenheit for 30 minutes |
When autoclaving the minimum temperature and exposure time for the center of surgical packs to provide sterility is (b) 250 degrees fahrenheit (or 121 degrees celsius) for 15 minutes |
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What is the significance of an autoclave that will not properly seal but steam still rises from it? a. because it is the sterilizing agent, it will work fine, but you must be more cautious to prevent burns to personnel b. the pressure is what kills the microbes, and thus the autoclave will not work c. it will continue to sterilize but will require more water as the steam escapes d. the pressure will not increase, which is required to meet the minimum temperature for sterilization |
The significance of an autoclave that will not properly seal but steam still rises from it is (d) the pressure will not increase, which is required to meet the minimum temperature for sterilization without the pressure, water continues to boil at 100 degrees celsius and will not increase in temperature |
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In general, the difference between a disinfectant an an antiseptic is a. disinfectants are agents used on inanimate objects and antiseptic agents are used on living tissue b. disinfectants are used on living tissue and antiseptics are used on inanimate objects c. disinfects are bacteriostatic and antiseptics are bacteriocidal d. disinfectants kill microbes, whereas antiseptics inhibit their growth only |
In general, the difference between a disinfectant an an antiseptic is (a) disinfectants are agents used on inanimate objects and antiseptic agents are used on living tissue |
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When a queen is presented to the hospital for an ovariohysterectomy, the technician should do all the following except a, make sure that the cat is female b. get a telephone number where the client can be reached that day c. make sure that the cat is not in heat because it would significantly complicate the surgery d get the client or guardian's signature on the consent form |
When a queen is presented to the hospital for an ovariohysterectomy, the technician should do all the following except(c) make sure that the cat is not in heat because it would significantly complicate the surgery |
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A semi-permanent feeding tube may be placed in all of the following ways except a. through the nose b. through a pharyngostomy site c. through a gastrostomy site d. through the mouth |
A semi-permanent feeding tube may be placed in all of the following ways through the nose, a pharyngostomy site, or a gastrostomy site but not (d) through the nose |
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All of the following statements are true about GI surgery except a. it is absolutely essential to fast all patients before GI surgery. the GI tract must be empty before surgery b. at no point is the GI tract sterile, therefore it is important to guard against contamination c. irrigation of the peritoneal cavity with a sterile isotonic solution after GI surgery helps reduce the number of microorganisms that remain free in the peritoneum following the procedure. d. The surgical assistant must be alert to the possibility of intestinal contents contaminating the abdominal cavity and must help the surgeon prevent this from happening |
All of the following statements are true about GI surgery: at no point is the GI tract sterile, therefore it is important to guard against contamination, and irrigation of the peritoneal cavity with a sterile isotonic solution after GI surgery helps reduce the number of microorganisms that remain free in the peritoneum following the procedure, and the surgical assistant must be alert to the possibility of intestinal contents contaminating the abdominal cavity and must help the surgeon prevent this from happening but (a) it is not absolutely essential to fast all patients before GI surgery. The GI tract must be empty before surgery |
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Which of the following is not true of an aural hematoma? a. must be drained b. is repaired by trimming back the pinna c. is painful and bothersome to the animal d. may be drained and bandaged by wrapping the head with the ear folded back across the top of the head |
The following are true of aural hematomas: they must be drained, they are painful and bothersome to the animal, and they they may be drained and bandaged by wrapping the head with the ear folded back across the top of the head but they may not (b) be repaired by trimming back the pinna Trimming the pinna is done when tumors are removed from the pinna or when ears are cropped |
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When a dog or cat is spayed, the surgical incision ismost commonly made a. midline, cranial to the umbilicus b. in the left inguinal region c. in the right inguinal region d. midline, caudal to the umbilicus |
When a dog or cat is spayed, the surgical incision is most commonly made (d) midline, caudual to the umbilicus The uterus and ovaries are best exposed through a midline incision made caudal to the umbilicus |
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When passing surgical instruments to the surgeon, the technician should do all of the following except a. gently but firmly slap the palm of the surgeon with the instrument b. pass the instrument in the open position c. pass the instrument with the handle placed into the surgeon's hand d. pass the curved instrument so that it is oriented in the surgeon's hand with the concave side up |
When passing surgical instruments to the surgeon, the technician should gently but firmly slap the palm of the surgeon with the instrument, pass the instrument with the handle placed into the surgeon's hand, and pass the curved instrument so that it is oriented in the surgeon's hand with the concave side up but the technician should not (B) pass the instrument in the open position Instruments should be passed with the ratchets or jaws in the closed position |
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When assisting the surgeon, the technician should a. always cut sutures on top of the knot b. cut sutures with the middle part of the scissors blade c. wipe the surgical site with a gauze square to clear the site of blood d. attach the scalpel blade using a pair of hemostats or needle holders to hold the blade |
When assisting the surgeon, the technician should (d) attach the scalpel blade using a pair of hemostats or needle holders to hold the blade The technician should cut the sutures to the length that the surgeon suggests. The tips of the scissors should be used to cut sutures. Blotting the surgical site to remove blood is preferred. Wiping may cause more bleeding and is irritating to the tissues |
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STaples and other metal clips a. can be used in infected wounds b. cause little scarring c. can be removed easily using scissors d. can be applied by hand without any special application device |
Staples and other metal clips (a) can be used in infected wounds metal clips are inert and made of noncorrosive metal. they are easily and effectively sterilized |
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Surgical instruments should be a. lubricated with oil between uses b. cleaned without water to avoid the possibility of rusting c. placed on surfaces, never dropped or thrown d. cleaned with abrasive cleaners |
Surgical instruments should be (c) placed on surfaces, never dropped or thrown Instruments should be lubricated with instrument milk, not oil. Instruments need to be cleaned in water with nonabrasive cleaners and dried completely to avoid rusting |
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A chest tube is placed when an animal has a. subcutaneous emphysema b. pulmonary edema c. ascites d. pneumothorax |
A chest tube is placed when an animal has (d) pneumothorax Pneumothorax is air trapped in the chest cavity between the lungs and the chest wall. The lungs collapse because of increased pressure within the chest cavity. A chest tube can help evacuate the air and allow the lungs to expand. Pulmonary edema is fluid within the lungs. Ascites is fluid within the abdominal cavity. Subcutaneous emphysema is air trapped under the skin. A chest tub eis not a treatment for any of those |
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A declaw is known as an a. orchidectomy b. onychectomy c. ovariohysterectomy d. onychotomy |
A declaw is known as an (b) onychetomy |
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Which of the following is not part of the spermatic cord? a. pampiniform plexius b. vas deferens c. testicular artery d. epididymis |
Parts of the spermatic cord include the pampiniform plexus, the vas deferens, the testicular artery but not the (d) epididymis |
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Which of the following is not completely removed in an ovariohysterectomy? a. broad ligament b. ovaries c. uterine horns d. oviducts |
The ovaries, uterine horns, and oviducts are completely removed in an ovariohysterectomy but the (A) broad ligament is not
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which of the following forceps has the best crushing action? a. Rochester-carmalt b. Rochester-pean c. Ochsner d. Crile |
The (a) Rochester-carmalt forceps have the best crushing action of the those listed. Rochester-carmalt forceps are characterized by longitudinal serrations that run the length of the blade with cross-hatching at the tip and are used for blood vessels, large tissues, or ligating pedicles. Rochester-pean forceps are used for clamping larger tissue and vessels for hemostasis and have full horizontal serrations. The (Rochester-)Ochsner (Kocher) forceps are used to aggressively grasp medium to heavy tissue or to occlude heavy, dense vessels; they have horizontal serrations the full length of the jaw and 1X2 teeth at the tip. Crile hemostatic forceps are used for clamping tissue or vessels before cauterization or ligation; they have horizontal serrations the full length of the jaws and the jaws are half the length of the shaft |
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which of the following does not describe a characteristic of ethylene oxide? a. carcinogenic b. teratogenic c. mutagenic d. mitogenic |
Characteristics of ethylene oxide include carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic but not (d) mitogenic |
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Which of the following suture materials persists in the body for the longest period? a. polydioxanone b. prolene c. chornic catgut d. vicryl |
(B) prolene is suture material which persists in the body for the longest period. It is nonabsorbable |
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Scrotal swelling after orchidectomy is most likely due to a a. hematoma b. seroma c. hemangioma d. lipoma |
Scrotal swelling after orchidectomy is most likely due to a (a) hematoma |
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what suture pattern is commonly used to close the skin of cattle following a rumenotomy? a. simple interrupted b. simple continuous c. interrupted horizontal mattress d. continuous horizontal mattress |
(d) a continuous horizontal mattress suture pattern is commonly used to close the skin of cattle following a rumenotomy |
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Which of the following suture materials is most appropriate to close the muscle layers of a cow following a left-displaced abomasum surgery? a 3-0 catgut b. 3-0 polydioxanone c. 3 chromic catgut d. 3 polydioxanone |
The most appropriate suture material most appropriate to close the muscle layers of a cow following a left-displaced abomasum surgery is (c) 3 chromic catgut |
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which of the following statements regarding pyometra is incorrect? a. ovariohysterectomy is usually curative b. a purulent vaginal discharge is always present c. affected females usually have polyuria and polydipsia d. it often occurs soon after a heat cycle |
The following statements about pyometra are correct: ovariohysterectomy is usually curative, affected females usually have polyuria and polydipsia, and it often occurs soon after a heat cycle. The following statement about pyometra is incorrect (B) a purulent vaginal discharge is always present |
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When preparing for an orthopedic surgery shaving the surgical site should be done a. the night before to shorten the anesthesia time b. first thing in the morning to help things run more smoothly c. immediately before induction of anesthesia d. just after induction of anesthesia |
When preparing for an orthopedic surgery shaving the surgical site should be done (D) just after induction of anesthesia Contamination of the surgical site can occur because of microbial contamination of small abrasions if the area is shaved with the patient awake |
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Fracture apposition refers to a. placing the bones back in to their normal position b. keeping the bones very still until healing has taken place c. removing small fragment from around the fracture d. placing pins through the marrow cavity |
Fracture apposition refers to (a) placing the bones back in to their normal position |
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A caslick operation is done in horses to a. stop roaring b. improve fertility c. treat navicular disease d. clean out the gutteral pouches |
A caslick operation is done in horses to (b) improve fertility |
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which of the following agents can be used as both an antiseptic as well as a disinfectant? a. quaternary ammonium compounds b. mercurial compounds c. isopropyl alcohol d. formaldehyde |
(C) Isopropyl alcohol can be used as both an antiseptic as well as a disinfectant |
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For which of the following surgeries are stay sutures not normally necessary? a. cystotomy b. gastrotomy c. intestinal anastomosis d. hepatic biopsy |
Stay sutures are normally necessary for a cystotomy, gastrotomy, and intestinal anastomosis surgery but not for (d) a hepatic biopsy |
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what is the minimum number of throws required when making a surgical knot? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 |
the minimum number of throws required when making a surgical knot is (b) 2 |
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When is it appropriate to use a hand tie instead of an instrument tie? a. when suturing very tough tissue b. when suturing the linea alba c. when suturing the skin d. a hand tie can be used any time an instrument can |
When is it appropriate to use a hand tie instead of an instrument tie? (D) a hand tie can be used any time an instrument can However because they are wasteful of suture material, hand ties have fallen into disuse |
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What technique can be used to help prevent a suture from slipping off the uterine stump? a. stay sutures b. transfiguraiton c. transfixation d. transitional sutures |
(c) transfiguration can be used to help prevent a suture from slipping off the uterine stump This involves passing the suture material through the stump before tying it |
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which of the following is an advantage of monofilament material over multifilament material? a. greater knot security b. greater suture strength c. less likely to cause suture reactions d. passes through tissue more easily |
An advantage of monofilament material over multifilament material is (d) passes through tissue more easily Suture reaction is due to the suture material rather than to whether the material is monofilament or multifilament |
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Which of the following suture sizes is most appropriate for eye surgeries ? a. 0 b. 3-0 c. 6-0 d. 10-0 |
(c) 6-0 size suture is most appropriate for eye surgeries |
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Why is it important to minimize the amount of dead space when suturing? a. to decrease the chance of infection b. to decrease the chance of seroma formation c. to improve hemostasis d. to minimize necrosis |
It is important to minimize the amount of dead space when suturing (B) to decrease the chance of seroma formation |
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Which of the following is not consider a contaminated surgery a. anal sac removal b. dental extractions c. intestinal anastomosis d. gastrotomy |
Dental extractions, intestinal anastomosis, and gastrotomies are all considered contaminated surgeries but (A) anal sac removals are not If the anal sac is not incsied, it is possible to remove it aseptically |
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Which of the following foreceps should not be used to hold the edges of the incision open? a. rat tooth b. brown-adson c. crile d. allis tissue |
Rat tooth forceps, brown-adson forceps, and allis tissue forceps can all be used to hold the edges of an incision open but (c) crile hemostatic forceps should not be used to hold the edges of an incision open these forceps are too traumatic to the edge of the incision |
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a sponge count should be done a. at the beginning of the surgery and before closure b. several times during the surgery c. before surgery only d. before closure only |
a sponge count should be done (a) at the beginning of the surgery and before closure |
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which of the following clinical signs would not normally be seen if a dog were suffering from hemorrhage after an ovariohysterectomy? a. decreased heart rate b. pale mucous membranes c. slow recovery from anesthesia d. slow capillary refill time |
PAle mucous membranes, slow recovery from anesthesia, and slow capillary refill time are clinical signs you would normally see if a dog were suffereing from hemorrhage after an ovariohysterectomy but not (A) decreased heart rate the heart rate increases in hemorrhagic shock |
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You are monitoring a cat during an exploratory surgery and notice the pupils are central and dilated. The cat is a. too light b. too deep c. under the influence of atropine d. impossible to determine without more information |
You are monitoring a cat during an exploratory surgery and notice the pupils are central and dilated. The cat is (d) impossible to determine without more information Other vital signs and reflexes must be assessed |
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Which of the following does not cause an increase in the respiratory rate in an anesthetized animal? a. increase blood CO2 b. anesthesia is too light c. increase PaO2 d. hyperthermia |
Increased blood CO2, anestehsia being too light, and hyperthermia can all cause an increase in respiratory rate in an anesthetized animal but (C) an increase in PaO2 would not |
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What is the properterm for trimming the edges of a jagged tear before suturing a. Debridement b. Decoupage c, Curettage d. Cauterization |
(a) debridement is the proper term for trimming the edges of a jagged tear before suturing |
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Which of the following is not a factor influencing the formation of exuberant granulation tissue? a. presence of infection b. amount of missing tissue c. depth of the wound d. location of the wound |
Factors which increase the likelihood the formation of exuberant granulation tissue include presence of infection, amount of missing tissue, and the location of the wound but not (C) the depth of the wound |
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The most effective sterilizing method for an object that could bye damaged by heat is a. autoclaving b, gas sterilization c. flash flaming d. alcohol scrub |
The most effective sterilizing method for an object that could bye damaged by heat is (b) gas sterilization Gas processing is more effective and indicator strips can be used to ensure complete processing |
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what term best describes freedom from infection as it applies to surgical technique? a. uncontaminated b. asepsis c. healthy d. clean |
(b) asepsis is freedom from infection as it applies to surgical technique |
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what surgical materials are sterilized by filtration a. nutrient solutions b. irrigation solutions c. surgical solutions d. pharmaceutical solution |
(d) pharmaceutical solutions are sterilized by filtration |
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a safeguard to ensure that a pack is sterilized adequately a. does not exist; you can never really be certain b. is a sterilization indicator strip c. is to feel how hot the instrument is after the process is over d. is to visually inspect the pack |
a safeguard to ensure that a pack is sterilized adequately (b) is a sterilization indicator strip |
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after donning sterile latex surgical gloves and before beginning the procedure, powder is wiped from the gloves with a wet sponge to a. make glove punctures more easily visible b. prevent postoperative starch granulomas in the patient's tissue c. reduce the likelihood of bacterial proliferation in the event the gloves become contaminated d. improve the gloves' gripping ability |
after donning sterile latex surgical gloves and before beginning the procedure, powder is wiped from the gloves with a wet sponge to (d) improve the gloves' gripping ability |
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when preparing a cat for a routine spay, administration of antibiotics prior to surgery a. should be given if your employer does not wear a cap or mask b. is not indicated for short, uncomplicated procedures c. should always be given as a precaution to prevent infection d. is never useful in conjunction with surgery |
when preparing a cat for a routine spay, administration of antibiotics prior to surgery (b) is not indicated for short, uncomplicated procedures |
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keeping the environment (floors, walks, counters) clean throughout your clinic is a. not important if your surgery areas are separate from other areas of the clinic b. advisable because it is good for public relations c. mandated by the AVMA d. mandatory to prevent cross-contamination into the surgery area |
keeping the environment (floors, walks, counters) clean throughout your clinic is (D) mandatory to prevent cross-contamination into the surgery area |
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Which of these is not a common surgical site for correction of a left-displace abomasum in cattle? a. right paralumbar b. left paralumbar c. ventral midline d. right paramedian |
Common surgical sites for correction of a left displaced abomasum in cattle are the right paralumbar, left paralumbar, and right paramedian but not (C) the ventral midline All other approaches are used in left-displacement abomasum (LDA) surgeries |
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Postoperative care for horses following castration a. includes strict confinement to the stall for at least 1 week to prevent hemorrhage b. includes suture removal at 10 to 14 days c. involves antibiotic administration for 5 days following surgery d. involves exercise twice daily to promote drainage |
Postoperative care for horses following castration (d) involves exercise twice daily to promote drainage after 24 hours, exercise is required to promote drainage fromt he surgical site and prevent excessive swelling |
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The term that means "surgically opening the abdominal cavity" is a. laparotomy b. pleurotomy c. thoracotomy d. cystotomy |
The term that means "surgically opening the abdominal cavity" is (A) laparotomy pleurotomy is the surgical incision of the pleura. Thoracotomy is the surgical incision of the chest wall. cystotomy is the surgical incision of the bladder |
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What parameters does the pulse oximeter measure? a. heart rate only b. respiration depth and rate c. oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and heart rate d. respiration rate and heart rate |
The pulse oximeter measures the (C) oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and heart rate |
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Which of the following is false regarding the ECG? a. it measures the electrical impulses of the heart b. there can be a normal ECG tracing when there is no cardiac output c. there is always a pulse beat with each QRS complex d. alcohol and sterile lubricant will enhance the connection of the skin leads |
The true statements regarding the ECG are it measures the electrical impulses of the heart, there can be a normal ECG tracing when there is no cardiac output, and alcohol and sterile lubricant will enhance the connection of the skin leads but (C) there is always a pulse beat with each QRS complex is false The ECG indicates electrical activity only; it does not measure the contractility or the perfusion of the heart. There may be a normal ECG with no heartbeat or pulse at all |
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What orthopedic fixation consists of pins that penetrate fractured bones and skin from the outside and are held in place externally by bolts attached to another cross pin? a. rush pinning b. external fixators c. steinmann fixation d. bone plating |
(b) external fixators (Also called kirschner-ehmer apparatus) are orthopedic fixation consisting of pins that penetrate fractured bones and skin from the outside and are held in place externally by bolts attached to another cross pin |
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What is a nosocomial infection? a. infection arising from bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract b. infection originating from the respiratory tract, especially the nose c. hospital-acquired infection d. resistant ifection |
A nosocomial infection is (C) a hospital-acquired infection |
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Which of the following should not be used to help prevent hypothermia in surgical patients? a. electric heating pad set on low b. warm-water circulating pad c. warm rice pads d. towel placed between the surgery table and patient |
(A) an electric heating pad set on low should not be used to prevent hypothermia in surgical patients but warm-water circulating pads, warm rice pads, and a towel placed between the surgery table and the patient can be used to prevent hypothermia electric heating pads can cause sever burns and should not e used |
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which of the following can be used as a surgical scrub on a patient? a. povidone iodine solution b. chlorhexidine scrub c. alcohol d. nolvasan solution |
(b) chlorhexidine scrub can be sued as a surgical scrub on a patient (a) povidone iodine solution and (d) nolvasan solution are incorrect because solutions cannot be used as surgical scrubs |
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which of the following need not be done before moving a horse into surgery for a general anesthesia procedure? a. remove the shoes b. rinse out the mouth c. clip as much of the surgical area as possible d. perform a complete tail wrap |
before moving a horse into surgery for a general anesthesia procedure you should remove the shoes, rinse out the mouth, and clip as much of the surgical area as possible but you do not need to perform a complete tail wrap it is not necessary to have a complete tail wrap unless the tail will cause contamination because of proximity to the surgical site |
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what is an important measure that can help prevent myositis during equine surgery a. providing proper padding b. ensuring that the horse does not get hypothermia c. not overinflating the endotracheal tube cuff d. withholding food for 12 hours |
(A) providing proper padding is an important measure that can help prevent myositis during equine surgery padding is one of the measures that helps prevent myositis, a severe inflammation of the muscles that can be life threatening |
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which of the following is not true regarding cryptorchidism in horses? a. one or both of the testicles have not descended into the prepuce b. surgery for removal of the undescended testicle is more involved than a normal castratoin c. it is an inheritable condition d. stallions affected with unilateral cryptorchidism will breed mares |
The true statements regarding cryptorchidism in horses are surgery for removal of the undescended testicle is more involved than a normal castration, it is an inhertible condtion, and stallions affected with unilateral cryptorchidism will breed mares but it is not true that (A) one or both of the testicles have not descended into the prepuce testicles descend into the scrotum, not the prepuce |
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What nerve in the horse's head should be protected from injury during prolonged surgical procedures? a. corneal nerve b. facial nerve c. mandibular nerve d. optic nerve |
(B) the facial nerve is a nerve in the horse's head that should be protected from injury during prolonged surgical procedures |
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A gastrotomy refers to a. a surgical incision into the gastrocnemius muscle b. a surgical incision into the peritoneal wall c. a surgical incision into the stomach d. a surgical incision into the small intestines |
A gastrotomy refers to (c) a surgical incision into the stomach |
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Why are such elaborate measures taken to maintain aseptic technique during surgery? a. to protect personnel from pathogenic microbes encountered in animals b. to decrease the risk of nosocomial infections spread among patients c. to decrease the risk of contamination into the surgical site and interference with wound healing d. to decrease the virulence of the microbes in the hospital |
Such elaborate measures are taken to maintain aseptic technique during surgery (C) to decrease the risk of contamination into the surgical site and interference with wound healing the main reason for aspetic technique is to protect the animal from microbes entering through the surgical site |
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What is the pressure that must be reached in a steam autoclave for the temperature to reach 121.5 degrees celsius? a. 1 psi b. 10 psi c. 15 psi d. 45 psi |
for the temperature to reach 121.5 degrees Celsius in a steam autoclave the pressure must reach (C) 15 psi |
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Healing of a properly sutured surgical wound is most appropriately termed a. first-intention healing b. granulation c. secondary union d. second-intention healing |
Healing of a properly sutured surgical wound is most appropriately termed (A) first-intention healing the basic requirements for first-intention healing are minimal tissue damage and apposition of the wound edges, usually with sutures |
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What agent, method, or device is most appropriate for sterilizing an electric drill to be used in an orthopedic surgical procedure? a. autoclave b. dry heat c. ethylene oxide gas d. liquid chemical disinfectant |
(c) ethylene oxide gas is most appropriate for sterilizing an electric drill to be used in an orthopedic surgical procedure an electric drill would be damaged or inadequately sterilized by any of the other methods |
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what agent, method, or device is most appropriate for sterilizing a needle holder to be used in a surgical procedure? a. autoclave b. dry heat c. ethylene oxide gas d. liquid chemical disinfectant |
(a) an autoclave is most appropriate for sterilizing a needle holder to be used in a surgical procedure Steam sterilization in an autoclave is used most often for instruments and equipment that would not be damaged by moisture or heat |
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What agent, method, or device is most appropriate for sterilizing a pair of dissecting scissors to be used in a surgical procedure? a. autoclave b. dry heat c. ethylene gas d. liquid chemical disinfectant |
(D) liquid chemical disinfect is most appropriate for sterilizing a pair of dissecting scissors to be used in a surgical procedure The sharp edges of scissors are dulled by steam in an autoclave; boiling and dry heat are not sufficiently effective; and the expense and danger of ethylene oxide use are not warranted |
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What should you be wearing when you performing as a nonsterile surgical assistant? a. mask and clean scrubs b. mask, cap, and clean scrubs c. mask, cap, shoe covers, and clean scrubs d. mask, cap, shoe covers, and sterile gown |
When performing as a nonsterile surgical assistant you should be wearing (c) mask, cap, show covers, clean scrubs it is not necessary to have a sterile gown but clean scrubs or a gown should be worn |
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while you are performing as a sterile surgical assistant, your mask slips down below your nose . What should you do? a. the nonsterile assistant may stand in front of you and secure the mask in its proper position b. the nonsterile assistant may secure the mask in position while standing behind you c. you may take a nonsterile piece of gauze and place it over the mask to allow you to adjust it into position d. you are completely contaminated and must leave the surgery |
while you are performing as a sterile surgical assistant, your mask slips down below your nose (B) the nonsterile assistant may secure the mask in position while standing behind you the nonsterile assistant must approach from the back so that the front of your gown will not be contaminated |
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Which of the following is not an advantage to spaying a bitch? a. eliminates the hemorrhagic discharge associated with the estrus stage of the cycle b. decreases the risk of mammary cancer c. eliminates estrus behavior d. eliminates the risk of pyometra associated with multiple nonpregnant estrus cycles |
the advantages of spaying a bitch include decreases the risk of mammary cancer, eliminates estrus behavior, eliminates the risk of pyometra associated with multiple nonpregnant estrus cycles but (A) eliminates the hemorrhagic discharge associated with the estrus stage of the cycle is not an advantage. the hemorrhagic discharge is associated with proestrus not estrus |
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which of the following is not a recommended agent for patient surgical preparation? a. chlorhexidine b. roccal c. alcohol d. povidone iodine |
chlorhexidine, alcohol, and povidone iodine are recommended agents for patient surgical preparation but (b) roccal is not recommended for patient surgical preparation roccal is a disinfectant not intended for use on living tissue |
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abscesses are generally allowed to heal open to provide continuous drainage. this type of wound healing is considered a. first intention b. second intention c. third intention d. fourth intention |
abscesses are generally allowed to heal open to provide continuous drainage. this type of wound healing is considered (b) second intention |
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Cesarean sections in cattle are most commonly performed via what surgical approach? a. through a right paracostal incision b. through a right paravertebral approach c. through the left paralumbar fossa d. through the ventral midline approach |
Cesarean sections in cattle are most commonly performed (c) through the left paralumbar fossa
this approach is often called a left flank incision |
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you are to assist with a rumenotomy. where do you prep for the surgery? a. ventral midline from xiphoid to pubic bone b. left paralumbar fossa c. right paralumbar fossa d. right paramedian region |
you are to assist with a rumenotomy. you should prep the (c) left paralumbar fossa the rumen is located on the left side of the body |
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a disadvantage of tilting the surgical table so the patient's head is lower than its tail is a. the increased pressure on the diaphragm interferes with respiration b. the tension on the large bowel may irritate defecation c. it interferes with visualization of the caudal abdomen d. it can cause a gastric volvulus |
a disadvantage of tilting the surgical table so the patient's head is lower than its tail is (A) the increased pressure on the diaphragm interferes with respiration |
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a visiting relief veterinarian whom you are assisting in surgery asks you to provide a nonabsorbable suture, less than 2-0 in size. which of the following would meet the request? a. 3-0 chronic gut b. 4-0 silk c. 00 Dermalon nylon d. 0 polydioxanone |
a visiting relief veterinarian whom you are assisting in surgery asks you to provide a nonabsorbable suture, less than 2-0 in size. (B) 4-0 silk would meet the request chronic gut is absorbable; 00 and 0 are too large |
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hanging preps a. are preps used on the perineal region of mares, in which the tail is "hanged" out of the way b. are often used for orthopedic procedures that involve a limb c. is a term used when referring to surgical preps of the neck d. refers to preparations for ear surgeries because the ear is "hanged up" for preparations |
hanging preps (b) are often used for orthopedic procedures that involve a limb |
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A surgical prep for a feline castration a. involves clipping the prescrotal region from the umbilicus to the scrotum b. involves clipping the scrotum with a No. 40 clipper blade c. does not involve hair removal because the entire scrotal area is prepped with Nolvasan and alcohol d. includes plucking or pulling the hair from the scrotum before the surgical scrub |
A surgical prep for a feline castration (D) includes plucking or pulling the hair from the scrotum before the surgical scrub the hair is plucked until the scrotum is free of hair, then the surgical scrub is performed |
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which orthopedic fixation consists of pins that penetrate fractured bones and are held in place externally by bolts? a. rush pinning b. steinmann fixation c. stack pinning d. kirschner-ehmer fixation |
(d) kirschner-ehmer fixation consists of pins that penetrate fractured bones and are held in place externally by bolts often shortened to K-E apparatus |
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Chemical cauterization a. is an excellent method of stopping blood flow b. is rarely used in veterinary medicine c. is traumatic to adjacent tissues and therefore is not used in surgical cases d. is a misnomer; chemicals cannot stop bleeding |
Chemical cauterization (C) is traumatic to adjacent tissues and therefore is not used in surgical cases |
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keep tissue moist during a surgical procedure a. is important because dry tissues are less resistant to bacterial infection b. is undesirable because wet tissue is an ideal medium for bacterial regeneration c. is of little value d. should be accomplished with 70% isopropyl alcohol |
keep tissue moist during a surgical procedure (a) is important because dry tissues are less resistant to bacterial infection "moist tissues are happy tissues |
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Perineal urtehtrostomies are performed only on a. pregnant cats b. male cats with urethral obstruction c. large-breed dogs with gastric torsion d. small dogs with pyometra |
Perineal urtehtrostomies are performed only on (b) male cats with urethral obstruction |
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perioperatively refers to
a. before surgery b. after surgery c. around the time of surgery d. during surgery |
perioperatively refers to (c) around the time of surgery
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fracture reduction a. involves trimming the areas of bone adjacent to the fracture site b. involves apposing (pulling together) the fracture bone ends c. is rarely necessary for good healing d. can usually be done without anestehsai |
fracture reduction (B) involves apposing (pulling together) the fracture bone ends |
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absorbable gelatine sponges a. are typically soaked or sutured into a bleeding site b. should never be left in the body after surgery c. are radiopaque d. are not available for veteinray surgery |
absorable gelatin sponges (a) are typically soaked or sutured into a bleeding site |
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what surgical procedure is least likely to combat canine hip dysplasia's debilitating complications? a. triple pelvic ostetomy b. total hip replacement c. intramedullary pinning d. pectineal mytomy |
(c) intramedullary pinning is least likely to combat canine hip dysplasia's debilitating complications intramedullary pinning is performed on fractured longs bones, such as the femur |
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a diaphragmatic hernia a. is a diaphragm that is in a continuous spams b. is displacment of the heart and part of the lungs into the abdomen c. cannot be corrected and is considered fatal d. should be suspected if the animal is dyspneic following a traumatic experience |
a diaphragmatic hernia (D) should be suspected if the animal is dyspnic following a traumatic experience displacement of abdominal contents into the thorax constitutes an emergency situation |
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exterioizing a body part or organ during surgery a. is a routine practice when the part or organ contains contaminants b. is very hazardous to the patient and is not routinely done c. precludes the need for lavaging d. is only done if that part or organ needs to be resected (surgically removed) |
exterioizing a body part or organ during surgery (A) is a routine practice when the part or organ contains contaminants care must be taken to keep the exterioized part moist |
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Cleaning instruments before sterilization a. must be performed carefully by hand b. is done only if there is done c. can be done exclusively with ultrasonic ecleaners d. is not necessary if proper sterilization practices are followed |
Cleaning instruments before sterilization (a) must be performed carefully be hand |
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ethyl and isopropyl alcohols a. have characteristics that make them ideal for sterilizing instruments b. at lower concentrations are bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal c. have an excellent residual effect because of their rapid evaporation d. have no place in veterinary surgery |
ethyl and isopropyl alcohols (b) at lower concentrations are bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal |
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an effective disinfectant to clean a cage after an animal that has had a pseudonomas contaminated wound is a. chlorhexidine b. isopropyl alcohol c. quaternary ammonium d. povidone-iodine |
an effective disinfectant to clean a cage after an animal that has had a pseudonomas contaminated wound is (c) quaternary amonium |
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a good solution to instill in the conjunctival sac before surgery is a. 10% chlorhexidine gluconate b. 1:25 povidone-iodine solution c. 5% isopropyl alcohol d. dilute soapy water |
A good solution to instill in the conjunctival sac before surgery is (b) 1:25 povidone-iodine solution
10% chlorhexidine, 5% isoproply alcohol, or dilute sopay water could damage the eye |
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clean-contaminated surgery refers to a. all surgeries b. incisions in sterile areas that become contaminated during surgery c. incisions made in contaminated areas d. incisions in a previous contaminated area that has been rendered sterile |
Clean-contaminated surgery refers to (C) incisions made in contaminated areas contaminated areas, such as the mouth and bladder, cannot be made sterile |
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a good time to clean the surgery room is a. on the night before surgery to allow air borne dust to settle before surgery b. immediately before the surgery so things can be as clean as possible c. once a week d. once a month |
a good time to clean the surgery room is (A) on the night before surgery to allow air born dust to settle before surgery |
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preparing a patient's skin for surgery a. renders the skin completely sterile b. does nothing to affect the outcome of the surgery c. reduces the bacterial flora to a level that can be controlled by the patient's defense mechanisms d. is not necessary if antibiotics are given |
preparing a patient's skin for surgery (C) reduces the bacterial flora to a level that can be controlled by the patient's defense mechanisms |
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lavaging (flushing) a body cavity with warm sterile saline after a surgical procedure is completed and before closing the incision a. is of minimal value in abdominal surgeries b. decreases the amount of bacteria left behind and warms the patient c. serves as a medium for bacteria to multiply in and so it should be avoided d. is necessary only if there has been a break in aseptic technique |
lavaging (flushing) a body cavity with warm sterile saline after a surgical procedure is completed and before closing the incision (b) decreases the amount of bacteria left behind and warms the patient |
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a tapered suture needle is a. best to use in skin b. the least traumatic and most often used in deep tissue layers c. not used very often because of its relative inability to penetrate tissue layers c. not used very often because of its relative inability to penetrate tissue d. too expensive for routine surgical use |
a tapered suture needle is (B) the least traumatic and most often used in deep tissue layers cutting needles are used in skin and other tough tissues |
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if a gowned and glove person at the surgery table is not participating in the surgery at some point a. his or her hands should be held quality at the sides b. his or hands may be held behind the back if it is still sterile c. his or her hands should be folded at chest level or placed on the instrument table d. he or she must leave the room |
if a gowned and glove person at the surgery table is not participating in the surgery at some point (c) his or her hands should be folded at chest level or placed on the instrument table hands should not drop below waist or instrument-table level |
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the surgical nurse circulating for the scrubbed-in surgeons a. has the task of keeping the animal anesthetized b. does not need a cap and mask because he or she is not assisting with surgery c. must constantly be concerned with maintaining aseptic technique d. need not wear sterile surgical gloves to pass anything to the surgeon |
the surgical nurse circulating for the scrubbed-in surgeons (c) must constantly be concerned with maintaining aspetic technique |
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assuming that good aseptic technique is being followed, the most common source of contamination in the surgical wound is a. the patient's skin or internal organs b. your own breath c. dust falling fromt he ceiling d. dust from the floor |
assuming that good aseptic technique is being followed, the most common source of contamination in the surgical wound is (a) the patient's skin or internal organs |
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the clothing worn in the surgical room a. can be clothes worn on the street b. should be clothes worn while in the clinic only c. should be a scrub suit dedicated to surgery use d. is required to be clean only and not torn |
the clothing worn in the surgical room (c) should be a scrub suit dedicated to surgery use |
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when folding surgical gown for sterilization a. tie the arms together so they do not dangle when the surgeon is gowning b. have the ends of the sleeves on top for easy graspiong c. make sure the ties are on top so they can be used to pick up the gown d. place the inside of the should seems ontop and fold all outer areas of the gown to the inside |
when folding surgical gowns for sterilization (D) place the inside of the should seams on top and fold all outer areas of the gown to the inside |
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an anatomic scrub a. is not practical on a routine basis b. is quicker than timed scrub c. refers to scrubbing the arms and hands in a methodical, consistent manner d. is more thorough than a timed scrub |
an anatomic scrub (C) refers to scrubbing the arms and hands in a methodical consistent manner |
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a time scrub should last at least a. 15 minutes b. 5 minutes c. 30 minutes d. 1 minute |
a timed scrub should last at least (B) 5 minutes |
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iodophors such as povidone-iodine scrub a. are the ideal surgical preparation b. have been replaced by newer more effective scrubbing agents c. are effective when used with alcohol only d. are bactericidal against all common contaminants |
idophors such as povidone-iodine scrub (b) have been replaced by newer, more effective scrubbing agents |
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Chlorhexidine gluconate surgical scrub a. tends to stain the skin and hair coat b. is effective against Pseudomonas species c. is marketed as nolvasan d. should be rinsed with alcohol |
chlorhexadine gluconate surgical scrub (b) is effective against pseudomonas species it does not stain and has a broader antimicrobial spectrum than idophors |
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a gauze sponge that is being used for the surgical scrub inadvertently touches the patient's hair. it a. can continue to be used for the scrub because the antimicrobial agents in the scrub will kill any bacteria picked up in the air b. should be thrown out and replaced with a new sponge c. should now be used for only the edges of the clipped site d. should not be considered contaminated unless gross contamination is visible |
a gauze sponge that is being used for the surgical scrub inadvertently touches the patient's hair. it (b) should be thrown out and repalced with a new sponge |
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in male dogs, the prepuce is a. sutured closed before an abdominal surgical procedure to prevent contamination b. considered an uncontaminated area and is not given special consideration c. flushed with alcohol while the dog is awake d. flushed with a weak povidone-iodine and saline solution before abdominal surgery |
in male dogs, the prepuce is (d) flushed with a weak povidone-iodine and saline solution before abdominal surgery |
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what type of instrument is a mayo-hagar? a. needle holder b. scissors c. towel clamp d. hemostatic forceps |
a mayo-hagar is a (a) needle holder |
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the most effective use for a rongeur is to a. pinch off a bleeding vessel b. elevate soft tissue off a bony surface c. remove small pieces of bone d. retract soft tissue away from bone |
the most effective use for a rongeur is to (c) remove small pieces of bone |
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talking in the surgery room should be kept to a minimum a. to prevent unnecessary injection of bacteria into the operating theater b. to prevent distraction c. to expediate the surgery d. at all times except during draping |
talking in the surgery room should be kept to a minimum (a) to prevent unnecessary injection of bacteria into the operating theater |
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an instrument suitable for cutting a paper drape is a/an a. mayo-heger scissors b. metzenbaum scissors c. scalpel blade d. iris scissors |
an instrument suitable for cutting a paper drape is a/an(a) mayo-hegar scissors metzenbaums are for cutting fine tissu eonly |
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what instrument is not a self-retaining tissue retractor? a. finochietto b. army-navy c. balfour d. gelpi |
(b) army-navy retractors are not self-retaining tissue retractors but finochietto, balfour, and gelpi retractors are self-retaining retractors |
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as a part of effective aspetic technique surgical gowns a. are commonly made of cloth or paper b. are put on by touching the outside only c. are routinely sterilized by ethylene oxide gas d. do not need to be sterile, only clean |
as a part of effective aspetic technique surgical gowns (c) are routienely sterilized by ethylene oxide gas |
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which of the following is not a sign of hemorrhagic shock in a postsurgical paitnet? a. deep, slow breathing b. slow capillary refill c. tachycardia d. weakness |
slow capillary refill time, tachycardia, and weakness are all signs of hemorrhagic shock in a postsurgical patient but (A) deep, slow breathing is not a patient in shock would be expected to shoe rapid, shallow breathing in an effort to oxygenate the blood as rapidly as possible |
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the usual significance of a small seroma beneath a skin suture line is a. emergency b. cosmetic only c. major problem d. serious but not an emergency |
the usual significance of a small seroma beneath a skin suture line is (B) cosmetic only unless very large or ruptured, postoperative seromas are unsightly but of little importance to the animal's health |
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the healing potential for a fractured bone that is properly aligned and kept immobile is a. excellent b. fair c. good d. poor |
the healing potential for a fractured bone that is properly aligned and kept immobile is (a) excellent bones have excellent healing capacities, provided that the fragments are properly aligned and movement is minimized |
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what coloration indicates the best blood supply to the edges of a wound in nonpigmented skin? a. bluish-purple b, gray c. pink d. white |
(A) bluish-purple indicates the best blood supply to the edges of a wound in nopigmented skin bluish-purple wound edges indicate the blood vessels of and under the skin are congested with blood |
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what abdominal incision is most appropriate for a standing cesarean section on a heifer? a. ventral midline b. flank c. paracostal d. ventral paramedian |
(b) a flank incision is most appropriate for a standing cesarean section on a heifer, none of the other choices listed are appropriate for a standing animal |
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what portion of a surgical gown is considered sterile during surgery? a. front and sides from the neck to the bottom including the arms b. front from the neck to the bottom including the arms c. front and sides from the waist to the neck d. front, from the waist up including the arms |
(d) the front, from the waist up, including the arms is considered sterile during surgery this is the only portion of the surgical gown that is considered sterile during surgery |
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what bacterial form is most easily destroyed by common sterilization methods? a. spores of aerobes b. spores of anerobes c. dormant form d. vegetative form |
(d) the vegetative form of bacteria is most easily destroyed by common sterilization methods the vegetative form of bacteria is the actively feeding, growing, reproducing form and is most easily destroyed by common sterilization and disinfection methods |
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the first phase of the wound-healing process is the a. epithelial b. fibroblast c. inflammatory d. maturation |
the first phase of the wound-healing process is the (C) inflammatory inflammation is the first step in wound healing |
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in the first 24 hours of primary union wound healing, most of the resistance to opening of the wound is provided by a. collagen strands b. fibrin strands c. granulation tissue d. sutures |
in the first 24 hours of primary union wound healing, most of the resistance to opening of the wound is provided by (D) sutures other than the sutures, a surgical wound has no appreciable strength until significant numbers of collagen fibers are produced in about 4 to 6 days |
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in what type of abdominal incision can the muscle wall be most effectively closed with one layer of sutures? a. flank b. paracostal c. paramedian d. ventral midline |
the abdominal incision in which the muscle wall can most effectively closed with one layer of sutures is a (D) ventral midline incision the linea alba, on the ventral midline of the abdominal wall, is the tendinous attachment of all the ventral abdominal muscles. one layer of sutures in the area effectively closes the abdominal wall |
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when is it permissible for noscrubbed surgical personnel to pass between scrubbed personnel and the patient during surgery? a. never b. when opening suture material c. when adjusting the anesthesia machine d. when adjusting the intravenous drip |
it is (A) never permissible for the nonscrubbed surgical personnel to pass between the scrubbed personnel and the patient during surgery nonscrubbed personnel should never violate the sterile zone in which scrubbed personnel are working |
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what characteristic is true of ethylene oxide gas? a. flammable b. exposure is not considered a health hazard c. noncombustible d. nontoxic to tissues |
ethylene oxide gas is (A) flammable |
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what type of dressing best helps debride a wound with extensive tissue damage? a. dry gauze b. gauze dressing with an oily antiseptic c. gauze dressing with a water-soluble antiseptic d. wet saline dressing |
(d) a wet saline dressing best helps debride a wound with extensive tissue damage wet saline dressings are useful to help debride wounds with extensive tissue damage. they absorb and remove inflammatory products from the wound |
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most of the clinical signs seen in animal in shock from excessive blood loss are attributable to a. acidosis b. alkalosis c. cell death d. redistribution of blood flow |
most of the clinical signs seen in animal in shock from excessive blood loss are attributable to (D) redistribution of blood flow redistribution of blood flow results in pale mucous membranes, poor capillary refill, and cold extremities seen in an animal in shock |
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what tissue must form in a wound that is healing by second intention before wound contraction or epithelial regeneration can occur? a. collagen fibers b. fibrin clot c. granulation tissue d. scar tissue |
(C) granulation tissue) must form in a wound that is healing by second intention before wound contraction or epithelial regeneration can occur once the dead and damged tissue has been removed from a wound by inflammation, a bed of granulation tissue, consisting primarily of collagen fibers and capillaries must form on the floor of the wound before wound contraction can begin |
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how should a pack be placed in an autoclave for sterilization a. diagonally b. horizontally c. upside down d. vertically |
a pack should be placed (d) vertically) in an autoclave for sterilization |
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what is the appropriate time to soak an instrument in a cold sterilization solution before adequate sterilization is achieved? a. 30 minutes b. 15 minutes c. 45 minutes d. 10 minutes |
it is appropriate to soak an insturment in cold sterilization for (D) 10 minutes before adequate sterilization is achieved |
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how long does an instrument that is sterilized and wrapped in paper remain sterile? a. 6 months b. 1 week c. 1 months d. 1 year |
an instrument that is sterilized and wrapped in paper remains sterile for (d) 1 year |
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A dust cover extends the sterility time of an instrument from 1 month to a. 6 months b. 2 months c. 12 months d. 2 years |
A dust cover extends the sterility time of an instrument from 1 month to (a) 6 months |
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for what bovine surgical proceudre are obstetric (OB) chains used? a. rumenetomy b. abomasopexy c. cesarean section d. uterine torsion correction |
obstetric (OB) chains are used for (c) a cesarean section a cesear section is the removal of a calf from a cow and OB chains are used to slip over the calf;s hocks ot help pull it out |
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to flash sterilize an instrument the autoclave settings should be a. 250 degrees F, 20 lb pressure, 30 min, fast exhaust and dry b. 270 degrees F, 20 lb pressure, 30 min, fast exhaust and dry c. 250 degrees F, 30 lb pressure, 4 minu, fast exhaust d. 270 degrees F, 30 lb pressure, 4 min, fast exhaust |
to flash sterilize an instrument the autoclave settings should be (d0 270 degrees F, 30 lb pressure, 4 min, fast exhaust |
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which of the following does not have to be gas sterilized a. arthroscope b. plastic pipette tips c. polyethylene tubing d. plastic spray bottles |
(b) plastic pipette tips do not need to be gas sterilized plastic pipette tips can be sterilized effectively in the autoclave whereas an arthroscope, polyethylene tubing, and a plastic spray bottle would be damaged by the high heat or moisture |
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ultrasonic cleaners are used for a. removing small particles of blood and tissue from instruments b. removing rust from instruments c. disinfecting instruments d. lubricating instruments |
ultrasonic cleaners are used for (A) removing small particles of blood and tissues from instruments removing rust from instruments, disinfecting instruments, and lubricating instruments are all features of instrument milk |
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a laryngeal burr is used in a. arthroscopy b. abomasopexy c. sigmoidoscopy d. sacculectomy |
a laryngeal burr is used in (D) sacculectomy a laryngeal burr is used to remove the laryngeal saccule |
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which of the following is not a consideration for evaluating a surgical pack for sterility? a. sterlization date b. indicator color change c. holes or moisture damage d. incorrect labeling |
sterilization date, indicator color change, and holes or moisture damage are all considerations when evaluating a surgical pack for sterility but not (d) incorrect labeling |
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mayo-hegar scissors are used in all of the following situations except for cutting a. sutures b. delicate tissue c. paper drapes d. skin or muscle |
mayo-hegar scissors are used for cutting sutures, paper drapes, and skin or muscle bu tnot for cutting (B) delicate tissue these scissors are heavy and can cut thicker things. if used on delicate tissue they might crush the tissue insetad of cleanly cutting it |
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when steam autoclaving bottles of solutions, what two preparations should be made to prevent explosion of the bottles?
a. vent the bottles and set the autoclave to slow exhaust b. cap the bottles and set the autoclave to slow exhaust c. vent the bottles and set the autoclave to fast exaust and dry d. capt he bottles and set the autoclave to flash |
when steam autoclaving bottles of a solution, you should (a) vent the bottles and set the autoclave to slow exhaust to prevent explosion of the bottles
bottles must be vented to prevent pressure from building up. slow exhaust is necessary to avoid evacuation of solution from bottles |
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how long must instruments be aerated after ethylene oxide gas sterilization before they can be used? a. 12 hours b. 1 to 7 days c. 7 to 14 days d. 1 hours |
(b) for 1 to 7 days instruments must be aerated after ethylene oxide gas sterilization before they can be used |
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what size scapel blade is generally used in an arthroscopy for making the stab incision into the jiont because of its pointed, rather than rounded or hooked, end? a. No. 10 b. No. 11 c. No. 12 d. No. 15 |
a (b) No. 11 size scapel blade is generally used in an arthroscopy for making the stab incision into the jiont because of its pointed, rather than rounded or hooked, end A No. 11 blade has a sharp point for making a small incision just large enough for the arthroscope or cannula to enter the joint |
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what type of surgical scrub solution is most effective in reducing numbers of bacteria on the skin? a. hexachlorophene b. povidone-iodine c. chlorhexidine gluconate d. polypropylene |
of those listed, (c) chlorhexidine gluconate is most effective in reducing numbers of bacteria on the skin |
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how long does a sealed item remain sterilized after being sterilized by gamma radiation? a. 1 year b. 6 months c. until it is opened d. 1 month |
a sealed item, sterilized by gamma radiation remains sterilized (c) until it is opened as long as an iteam remains sealed, it remains sterile indefintely when subjected to gamma radiation |
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what retractor is not self-retaining? a. weitlaner b. alms c. sauerbruch d. balfour |
the weitlaner, alms, and balfour retractors are all self-retaining but not the (c) sauerbruch |
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sterilization is the process of killing microorganisms by physical or chemical means. what is the most reliable form of sterilization? a. steam under pressure b. gas c. dry heat d. radiation |
sterilization is the process of killing microorganisms by physical or chemical means. the most reliable form of sterilization is (A) steam under pressure steam under pressure can permeate rapidly and then condense; this kills the microorganisms most effectively |
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instruments wrapped in a single linen wrap can become contaminated with microbes within 2 to 3 days. how long does double wrapping an instrument extend the sterility period? a. 6 months b. 4 weeks c. 4 to 6 days d. 1 year |
instruments wrapped in a single linen wrap can become contaminated with microbes within 2 to 3 days. double wrapping an insturment extends the sterility period (B) 4 weeks |
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what is the best type of cleaner to use when hand washing surgical instruments? a. ordinary hand soap b. abrasive compounds c. low-sudsing detergents d. plain hot water |
(c) low-sudsing detergents is the best type of cleaner to sue when hadn washing surgical isntruments ordinary hand soaps can leave behind insoluable alkaline residue, abrsaive compaounds can dmage the surface of instruments and plain water is too slow and less thorough than a low-sudsing detergent |
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which of the following is an absorbable suture? a. prolene c. vicryl c. mersilene d. silk |
prolene, mersilene, and silk are all nonabsorbable suture materials meaning (c) vircyl is an absorbable suture |
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all of the following ar econsidered benefits of using skin staples except a. skin is more resistant to abscess formation than when sutures are used b. staples provide excellent wound healing c. staples are most cost effective d. staples save time |
benefits of using skin staples include skin is more resistant to absess formation than when sutures are used; staples provide excellent wound healing; and staples save time but it is incorrect that (C) staples are most cost effective skin staples are more expensive than skin sutures |
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if skin edges are under extreme tension (e.g.) in a large skin wound), what is the suture pattern of choice? a. simple continuous b. simple interrupted c. interrupted horizontal mattress d. continuous horizontal mattress |
if skin edges are under extreme tension (e.g.) in a large skin wound), the suture pattern of choice is (c) interrupted horizontal mattress the interrupted horizontal mattress provides more strength than any of the other suture patterns. it is also one of the most easliy used with rubber tubing for tension reduction |
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what suture pattern is most commonly used in large-animal surgery? a. simple continuous b. simple interrupted c. interrupted horizontal mattress d. continous horizontal mattress |
(B) a simple interrupted suture pattern is most commonly used in large-animal surgery this is a fast and efficient way of closing most incisions |
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what suture is not recommended for skin closure? a. polydioxanone b. nylone c. chromic gut d. stainless steel |
(C) chromic gut is not recommended for skin closure chronic gut is an absorbable suture that breaks down rapidly |
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what is the purpose of using a subcuticular sutre pattern for final closure? a. to keep tissues apposed for quickly healing b. to eliminate small scars produced around suture hols of the more common patterns c. ot eliminate infection d. to be more cost effective |
the purpose of using a subcuticular suture pattern for final closure is (B) to eliminate small scars produced around suture holes of the more common patterns to keep tissues apposed for quickly healing is true of many patterns and the other choices do not apply |
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what suture pattern would not be used to close skin? a. cushing b. horizontal mattress c. simple interrupted d. ford interlocking |
a horizontal mattress, simple interrupted, and ford interlocking suture pattern would be used to close skin but not (a) a cushing suture pattern a cushing suture pattern is inverting; it is not used to close the skin |
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how can you help prevent "strike through" during surgery? a. make sure sharp instruments are protected so they do not puncture the wrap and cause contamination b. assist in keeping the surgical drapes and gown from getting wet during surgery c. make sure the drape is properly placed and open so the fenestration is not over a contaminated area d. have reverse cutting needles available so the sutures does not pull through the tissue |
you can help prevent "Strike through" during surgery by assisting in keeping the surgical drapes and gown from getting wet during surgery moisture allows microbes to migrate up through the drapes and contaminate the upper surface |
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why is the typical autoclave cycle set for 20 minutes on an instrument pack? a. this is the minimum time for sterilizaiton in a steam autoclave b. this is the minimum time time required to turn the autoclave tape dark c. this allows enough time for the pressure to sterilize the pack d. this allows time for steam penetration to the center of the pack and still provides the minimum time of steam exposure |
the typical autoclave cycle is set for 20 minutes on an insturment pack because (D) this allows time for steam penetration to the center of the pack and still provides the minimum time of steam exposure time must be allowed for penetration to the center of the pack and then 15 minutes of expsoure time |
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the agent used in gas sterilization is a. glutaraldehyde b. chlorhexidine c. ethylene oxide d. formaldehyde |
the agent used in gas sterilization is (c) ethyle oxide |
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needle holders that have a scissors, as well as a needle-holding surface are named a. mayo-hegar b. olsen-hegar c. metzenbaum d. crile-wood |
needle holders that have a scissors, as well as a needle-holding surface are named (b) olsen-hegar mayo-hegars are also needle-holders commonly used with larger or heavier suture because of the wide jaw. crile-woods are needle holders which are more delicate than the mayo-hegars. metzenbaums are scissors used for cutting delicate tissue |
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rochester-carmalt forceps a. are generally smaller than a kelly forceps b. have longitudinal serrations with interdigitating teeth at the tips c. have longitudinal serrations with a crosshatched pattern at the tips d. have transverse serrations along the entire length |
rochester-carmalt forceps (c) have longitudianl serrations with a crosshatched pattern at the tips. Rochester-carmalt forceps are generally a large forceps. an allen clamp has longitudinal serrations with interdigitating teeth at the tips. rochester-pean forceps have transverse serrations along the enitre length |
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a buhner needle is used a. in repair of bovine vaginal and uterine prolapses b. in enucleations on dogs c. in intestinal anastomosis surgeries d. in orthropedic surgeries |
a buhner needle is used (A) in repair of bovine vaginal and uterine prolapses |
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a pack double wrapped in muslin and kept in a closed cabinet is good for how long? a. 1 week b. 3 to 4 weeks c. 6 to 7 weeks d. 6 months |
a pack double wrapped in muslin and kept in a closed cabinet is good for (c) 6 to 7 weeks about 6 to 7 weeks as long as the cabinet has doors and it is not open shelving. open shelving shortens the lifespan to roughly half |
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instruments suitable for cutting suture include a. scissors on mayo-hegar needle holders, operating scissors, and mayo scissors b. operating scissors, scissors on olsen-hegar needle holders, and metzenbaum scissors c. operating scissors, scissors on olsen-hegar needle holders and mayo scissors d. suture (stitch) scissors, mayo scissors and metzenbaum scissors |
instruments suitable for cutting suture include (C) operating scissors, scissors on olsen-hegar needle holders, and mayo scissors mayo-hegar needle holders do not have scissors and metzenbaum scissors are never used to cut suture |
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what is a Steinmann IM pin? a. an intramedullary pin used in orthopedics b. an intramuscular pin used in orthropedics c. a type of screw used in orthropedics d. a staple used to hold muscle or bone fragments together |
a Steinmann IM pin is (a) an intramedullary pin used in orthropedics the IM stands for "intramedullary" because these pins are often placed into the medullary cavity of long bones |
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you are checking on a recent surgical wound and find that the tissue is slightly warmer and redder than the surrounding tissue. what is the significance of this? a. it is an indication that the wound is contaminated and requires an emergency intervention b. the wound will ikely dehisce and should be checked immediately by the veterinarian c. it is normal, because the first stage of wound healing is inflammation d. it is an indication taht the sutures are interfering with blood flow and necrosis is likely |
you are checking on a recent surgical wound and find that the tissue is slightly warmer and redder than the surrounding tissue. (c) it is normal because the first stage of wound healing is inflammation normal wound healing causes inflammation which causes minor increases in skin temeparture and erythema |
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what should youw ear when cleaning the surgical suite before and after surgeries? a. cap b. cap, mask, booties, and clean scrubs c. cap, mask, booties, and sterile gown d. mask, sterile cap, and gown |
you should wear (b) a cap, mask, booties, and clean scrubs when cleaning the surgical suite before and after surgeries it is not necessary to have a sterile gown but clean scrubs or ag own should be worn |
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which of the following agents has been associated with causing neurologic disorders inc ats? a. chlorhexidine b. povidone idoine c. quaternary ammonium compounds d. hexahlorophene |
(d) hexachlorophene has been assocaited with causing neurologic disorders in cats it has not fallen into disfavor as an antiseptic |
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if a nonsterile person must move to the other side of a sterile person, the nonsterile person should pass a. back ot back b. front ot front c. facing the back of the surgeon d. with his or her side facing the back of the surgeon |
if a nonsterile person must move to the other side of a sterile person, the nonsterile person should pass (c) facing the back of the surgeon although pby passing back ot bakc, asepsis is not broken, by facing the the back of the surgeon, the nonsterile personc an more easily watch for siutations that may lead to contamination |
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when opening a double-wrapped gown back, nonscrubbed surgical personnel may touch the a. autoclave tape b. indicator c. towel d. gowen |
when opening a double-wrapped gown back, nonscrubbed surgical personnel may touch the (A) autoclave tape the indicator should be touched by the transfer forceps only, whereas the rest should be handled by scrubbed personnel |
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which of the following suture materials is most likely to cause stitch granulomas if left in too long? a. silk b. cotton c. nylon d. prolene |
of the suture materials listed (c) nylon is most likely to cause stitch granulomas if left in too long most of these resolve on their own once the suture material is removed |
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which of the following patterns is not suitable for the closure of an intestinal biopsy incision? a. simpel continuous b. simple interrupted c. everting d. inverting |
(c) an everting pattern is not suitable for the closure of an intestinal biopsy incision everting patterns are contraindicated because the mucosa would then be exposed |
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which of the following does not need to be included when labeling a surgical pack? a. contents of the pack b. date the pack was made up c. initials or name of the person making up the pack d. date the pack must be used by |
when labeling a surgical pack you do not need to include (D) the date the pack must be used by |
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which of the following is not the fomral name of a retractor? a. finochietto b. gelpi c. lembert d. balfour |
(c) lembert is not the formal name of a retractor |
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which of the following is not a requiremented for fracture healing? a. appossition b. shearing c. fixation d. reduction |
(b) shearing is not a requirement for fracture healing
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using the dissection method, which parts of the distal forelimb are removed in an onychectomy?
a. nail and proximal phalanx b. proximal and distal phalanges c. middle and distal phalanges d. distal phalanx and nail |
using the dissection method, the (d) distal phalanx and nail are removed in an onychectomy |
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anterior drawer movement detects aproblem with the a. elbow b. stifle c. hip d. hock |
anterior drawer movement detects aproblem with the (b) stifle |
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an incision into the bladder is known as a a. cystotomy b. cystectomy c. cystocentesis d. cystostomy |
an incision into the bladder is known as a (a) cystotomywh |
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which of the following conditions does not require surgical repair? a. gastric dilatation and volvulus b. intussusception c. mesenteric torsion d. ileus |
GDV, intussusception, and mesenteric torsion require surgical repair but (D) ileus does not |
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which one of the following suture patterns is an inverting stitch? a. cruciate b. cushing c.horizontal mattress d. vertical mattress |
(b) a cushing stitch is an inverting stitch |
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in what way is a surgeon's knot different from a square knot? a. a surgeon's knot has one throw on the first pass and two throws ont he second pass; a square knot has two throws on each pass b. a surgeon's knot has two throws on the first pass and one throw on the second pass; a square knot has one pass on each throw c. a surgeon's knot has one throw on each pass; a square knot also has two throws on each pass d. a surgeon'sknot has two throws ont he first pass and one throw on the second pass; a square knot has one through on each pass |
the difference between a surgeon's knot and a square knot is (b) a surgeon's knot has two throws ont he first pass and one throw on the second pass; a square knot has one pass on each throw |
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why is it better to ligate many small vessels rather than one mass ligation of tissue? a. mass ligation of tissues is unsightly b. mass ligation of tissue may result in an infected area c. mass ligation of tissue is more likely to fail d. tissues included ina mass ligation may be too difficult for the body to resorb |
it is better to ligate many small vessels rather than one mass ligation of tissue because (C) mass ligation of tissue is more likely to fail with mass ligation, the blood supply to the area may still be great enough to cause the suture to break |
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what is the purpose of a transfixation ligature? a. to make aligature stronger b. to close a hollow organ c. to prevent breakage of the suture d. to prevent slippage of the suture |
the purpose of a transfixation ligature is (d) to prevent slippage of the suture |
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all of the following are good reasons for using an instrument tie (with the use of a needle holder) except a. it is economical; small pieces of suture can be used and therefore suture material not wasted b. it saves time c. it is more accurate than a one- or two- handed tie d. it is readily adaptable to any type of wound closure |
all of the following are good reasons for using an instrument tie (with the use of a needle holder): it is economical, small pieces of suture can be used and therefore suture material not wasted; it saves time; it is readily adaptable to any type of wound closure - but not (c) it is more accurate than a one- or two- handed tie |
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which of the following is not a consideration when choosing a neeedle for use in a surgical procedure? a. type of tissue to be sutured b. location of the tissue to be sutured c. size of suture material d. strength of suture material |
considerations when choosinga needle for use in a surgical procedure are type of tissue to be sutured, location of the tissue to be sutured, size of suture material but not (d) strength of suture material the strength of the suture is not affected by the type of needle and vice versea |
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when suturing skin, the needle of choice is a. blunt b. reverse cutting c. cutting d. taper |
when suturing skin, the needle of choice is (c) cutting a cutting needle penetrates the skin witht he least maount of trauma |
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what is the most significant advantage of using a swaged-on needle as opposed to a closed-eye needle? a. the needle never separates from the suture b. the suture diameter is smaller than the needle diameter c. tissue is ubjected to less trauma because a single strand is pulled through the tissue d. it saves time and money |
the most significant advantage of using a swaged-on needle as opposed toa closed-eye needle is (c) tissue is subjected to less trauma because a single strand is pulled throught he tissue all fo the answers are true; however, trauma to the tissue is the most important factor to consider |
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suture patterns can be calssified into three types; appositional, inverting, and tension. what tissue is most appropriately sutured in an appositional pattern ? a. tendon b. hollow viscus c. skin d. nerve |
suture patterns can be calssified into three types; appositional, inverting, and tension. (c) skin is most appropriately sutured in an appositional pattern tendons and nerves should be sutured with tension sutures, wheras viscera should be closed with invertin sutures; therefore the skin should be closed with appositional sutures |
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which of these sequences correctly lists suture material diameter from largest to smallest? a. 3-0, 2-0, 0, 1, 2, 3 b. 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3 c. 3, 2, 1, 1-0, 2-0, 3-0 d. 7-0, 5-0, 3-0, 1 |
(c) 3, 2, 1, 1-0, 2-0, 3-0 correctly lists suture material diameter from largest to smallest |
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for suturing a uterine incision in a cow, the proper suture size is a. 2-0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3-0 |
for suturing a uterine incision in a cow, the proper suture size is (c) 2 the no. 2 suture is the largest of these answers and a cow's uterus being large and heavy requires larger suture material |
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which of the following is a monofilament suture material? a. polyglactin 910 (vicryl) b. polyester (mersilene) c. polyethylene (dermalene) d. cotton |
(c) polyethylene (Dermalene) is a monofilament suture material |
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which of the following has the poorest handling ease? a. silk b. braided polyglycolic acid (dexon-plus) c. chronic catgut d. monofilament stainless steel wire |
(d) monofilament stainless steel wire has the poorest handling ease of the suture materials listed |
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an example of an inverting suture pattern is the a. purse-string b. stimple inerrupted c. iinterrupted horizontal mattress d. simple continuous |
an example of an inverting suture pattern is the (A) purse-string |
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after what time does synthetic absorbable suture lose its tensile strength? a. 120 days b. 60 days c. 30 days d. 6 months |
after (b) 60 days synthetic absorbable suture loses its tensile strength |
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what suture material is absorbed most rapidly from an infected wound through increased local phagocytic activity? a. vicryl (polyglactin 910) b. PDS (polydioxanone) c. catgut d. nylon |
of the suture materials listed (C) catgut is absorbed most rapidly from an infected wound through increased local phagocytic activity |
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which of the following is not a consideration in choosing a suture material? a. the surgeon's training and expierence b. the part of hte body where it will be used c. the size of the animal on which it will be used d. the age of the animal on which it will beused |
considerations in choosing a suture material include the surgeon's training and experience, the part of the body where it will be used, and the size of the animal on which it will be used but not (D) the age of the animal on which it will be used |
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in regard to wound healing, it is better to a. increase the size of the suture mateiral rather than the number of sutures b. increase the number of sutures rather than the size of the suture material c. decrease both the size of the suture material and number of sutures d. increase both the size of the suture material and number of sutures |
(b) increase the number of sutures rather than the size of the suture material with each suture placed, the stress on the other sutures is decreased; thus more sutures are better than fewer |
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which of these statements concering surgical catgut is false? a. it can be used for ligating superficial blood vessels b. it is recommended for epidermal use c. it is recommended for internal use d. it is fast absorbing |
concernign surgicla catgut it can be used for ligating superfical blood vessels, it is recommended for epidermal use, it is fast absorbing. the false statement is (C) it is recommended for internal use surgical catgut is not recommended for internal use because of its rapid absorption and short duration of tensile strength |
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chronic catgut is produced by exposure to basic chromium salts. how does this process affect it? a. increases intermolecular bonding b. decreases its strength c. increases tissue reaction to it d. decreases absorption time |
chronic catgut is produced by exposure to basic chromium salts. this (A) increases intermolecular bonding the chemical reaction increases strength, decreases absorption, and reduces tissue reaction |
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memory is defined as a suture material's ability to resist bending forces and to return to its original configuration. this can cause what problem when suturing? a. the suture material is mroe easily tangled b. the suture material is difficult to knot securely c. the suture breaks more readily d. the suture is more likely to cause infection |
memory is defined as a suture material's ability to resist bending forces and to return to its original configuration. a problem this can cause when suturing is (b) the suture material is difficult to knot securely the sutures is coiled and more difficult to tighten down; none of the other answers are a direct result of memory |
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strike through refers to a. making the first skin incision b. incision of a sterile adhesive drape applied directly over the skin c. rapping the table to around the patient d. wicking of bacteria through asurgical drape that has become wet, allowing bacteria to contaminate the steril area |
strike through refers to (d) wicking of bacteria through a surgical drape that has become wet, allowing bacteria to contaminate the sterile area |
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perioperative antibiotics a. should never be used b. shoulda lways be used c. are indicated in surgical procedures longer than 1.5 hours d. are questionable in their effectiveness |
perioperative antibiotics(c) are indicated in surgical procedures longer than 1.5 hours if proper aseptic technique is used, antibiotics should not be given for short, routine, uncomplicated procedures |
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what type of instrument is an Adson? a. retractor b. rongeur c. periosteal elevator d. thumb forceps |
an Adson is a (c) periosteal elevator |
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what is the primary function of a Balfour? a. retractor b. rongeur c. periosteal elevator d. thumb forceps |
the primary function of a BAlfour is (A) a retractor |
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what is the primary function of a lempert? a. retractor b. rongeur c. periosteal elevator d. thumb forceps |
the primary function of a lempert is (b) a rongeur |
