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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
mountain forests cover
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9 mill km^2
|
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mountain forests are __ % of world forests
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28%
|
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afforestation
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establishing a forest on land that isn't a forest or hasn't been a forest for a long time
by planting trees / seeds |
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afforestation ex
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60% increase in Switzerland
since 1860s |
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deforestation ex
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pacific northwest
|
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colorado afforestation
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afforestation since 1860s with park creation
(RMNP - 1915) |
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implications of afforestation
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1. politics / policy
2. fire protection 3. human activity (tree planting) |
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5 factors affecting soil formation
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1. climate
2. topography 3. organisms 4. parent material 5. time |
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soil v agriculture
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the 5 factors of soil formation aren't conducive to agriculture `
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why aren't mountain regions ideal for agriculture
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-not flat
- not accessable -climate -soil -land clearing |
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"GOOD SOIL "
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good drainage
dependent on parent material |
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reasons for afforestation
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protection
human activity fire protection |
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difference between cloud forest and coastal rain forests
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CLOUD FORESTS:
-precip fueld by condensation -warmer temp COASTAL RAIN FOREST: -lower temp -lower Saturation Vapor Pressure (causing precip) |
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Cloud Forest
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-high temps
-high relative humidity --water vapor condenses on needles -- can increase precip |
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"condensation nuclei"
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water vapor condensed on needles
*can increase precip 20%* "mist nets" collect precip by placing fire nets in cloud forest |
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Cloud Forest EX
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Andes
Peru |
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Coastal Rain Forest
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-rain shadow
-has more biomass than any other ecosystem **IE Nurse Logs** **300 ft tall Hemlock Trees** |
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Coastal Rain Forest EX
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Pacific northwest
(coastal mountains) |
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deforestation in mtn regions caused by
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agriculture
mining |
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best agricultural land
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1. good soil
-nutrients -- (not too much leaching) -good drainage 2. precipitation -depends on what is growing 3. timing to match phenology 4. low wind speeds 5. accessable 6. topography 7. terracing 8. demand for crops |
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why agriculture is being pushed uphill
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1. social pressure
-- agriculture not viewed as best land use 2. water resources -- want to be close to water source (eg mountains) 3. politics / policy -consumption regulations -conservation 4. population --growth in prime agricultural regions |
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3 crops not economically efficient in mtns
(so they're imported) |
1. rice
2. corn 3. wheat |
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unique aspects of mountain agriculture
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1. not flat
-- effects rooting depth, water infiltration, soil thickness/ soil properties 2. accessability -- cultivation, labor, fuel, transporation 3. microclimate |
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slope affecting mtn agriculture
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1.rooting depth of plants
2.water infiltration 3.soil thickness / soil properties |
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accessability affecting mtn agriculture
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1. cultivation
2. labor 3. fuel 4. transporation |
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TERRACING
adaptation to mtn agriculture |
TERRACING
-prevents runoff (due to irrigation) ((takes advantage of aspect)) |
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MULTICULTURE
adaptation to mtn agriculture |
less vulnurable to economic change
more sustainable crops need less pesticides |
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Adaptations to mtn's for Agriculture
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1. terracing
2. multiculture 3. grazing (goats / cattle) |
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social issues with mtn agriculture
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1. many world conflicts in mtn regions
2. many fighting over scarce resources 3. destroy resources |
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__% of world conflicts occur in mtn regions
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85%
|
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fighting in mtn regions over 3 scarce resources:
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1. food
2. resources 3. transportation |
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health issues with agriculture
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1. need energy to harvest
-- energy requirements increase due to lower oxygen concentration 2. lower humidity == degradation 3. radiation temp decrease = must increase mrtabolism to maintain constant body temp (+ decrease in air pressure + high winds) |
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cooking issues in mtns
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need water
(for rice) --effected by quality and quantity -boiling point affected (takes longer to cook == need more fuel) |
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boiling pt and altitude
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increase in altitude = decrease in pressure
lower pressure makes it easier to expand -- so need less heat IE -- LOWER BOILING POINT **BUT since boiling pt is lower, it takes longer for food to cook in that boiling water *** THUS YOU NEED MORE FUEL*** |
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boiling pt at sea level:
boiling pt at 2,000m asl |
sea level = 100*C
2,000 m asl = 98*C |
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lower pressure = ____ BP
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lower boiling pt
|
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nutrients in mtns
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soils low in nutrients
-- spring melt flushes the thin soil (ionic pulse downstream) --nutrients low to begin with --nutrient deficiency (iodine) |
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nutrients required for...
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1. thyroid functioning
2. vitamin A -- eyes / vision -- growth & development 3. vitamin D -- needed for bones -- immune system **added to milk** **inorganic mineral (we can't make it) |
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indication of ice on mars
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polygon shape
(like feldsemier) *similar to frost action in mtn enviros* |
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slash and burn for agriculture
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puts nutrients back into soil
agriculture takes up nutrients agriculture harvested -- nutrients not returned |
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sequence of clearing forest for agriculture
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1. clearcut
2. terraced ((MASSIVE LEACHING)) 3. grazing ((removes remaining veg)) 4. abandoned |
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"LULC"
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" land use land change "
|
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shift from agriculture to urban ===
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decreased crop area
increase rice patties increase h2o required EX**THAILAND** |
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(start of) forests pushed uphill due to
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acriculture moving up more into mountains
forest converted to agriculture |
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machu picchu
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in CLoud Forest
-terraces - ex of successful mtn agriculture (working at correct scale-- small scale) |
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wind chill =
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air temp + wind speed
|
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lung capacity
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pressure decrease affects breathing rate
oxygen concentration decrease |
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human adaptations dealing with high alt
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*pressure decrease
== increased lung capactiy *o2 concentration decrease = -increased hemoglobin production (increases oxygen transport) -enlarged heart (long term) |
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human problems with high alt
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wind chill
lung capacity radiation (fewer molecules to absorb radiation) |
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reasons for uphill push of agriculture
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1. social pressure
2. water resources 3. politics / policy 4. popultation growth |
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when elevation is asl BP is..
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less than 100*C
|
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4adaptations of mountain agriculture
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1. terracing
2. take advantage of aspect (cosin law of illumination) 3. cultivate many species (multiculture) 4. grazing can be successful in mtn regions |
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human physiology
(in mtns) |
1. low temp
(higher metabolism) 2. high winds (heat loss - wind chill - dessication:ie extreme drying) 3. radiation (uv exposure) 4. low pressure (lack of O2) |
|
visible light wavelength
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400 - 700 nm
(.4 - .7 micrometers) |
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UV wavelength
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100 - 400 nm
(.1 - .4 micrometers) |
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cloudy conditions & UV exposure
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clouds reflect back UV
UV exposure is harder to detect **cloudy = most severe sunburns** -PlANTS have advantage in cloudy conditions -- bc have advantage under diffuse UV conditions *HIGHER PAR EXPOSURE* -- ie coastal rain forests cloud forests |
|
wavelengths;
UV-C UV-B UV-A |
UV-C = 100 - 290 nm
UV-B = 290 - 320 nm UV-A = 320 - 400 nm |
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WL v ENERGY
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WL decrease = energy increase
|
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most harmful type of UV
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UV-C (most energy)
(UV-A is least harmful) |
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sunscreen protects against
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UV-A & UV-B
((not UV-C ... bc its absorbed in the stratosphere)) |
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plants and UV
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UV can't be used for photosynthesis (only visible used)
|
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plant adaptations to UV
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1. cuticle
2. pigment 3. aspen |
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pigment adaptation to UV
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when chlorophyl is absorbed see yellow / orange pigments
|
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aspen adaptation to UV
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white bark protects chlorophyl in barck from UV
(the white "powder" reflects UV) |
|
people BENEFITS to UV
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*production of Vitamin D
-- vitaminm D = bone production *tanning protects against subsequent burns |
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dessication
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state of extreme dryness
|
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people RISKS to UV
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1. skin cancer
2. vision |
|
skin cancer
(risk to UV) |
esp. melanoma
*colorado is #1 *= DNA damage due to UV exposure .. most damage occurs when young (builds up in body) |
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vision
(risk of UV exposure) |
-prolonged / excessive exposure can damage lenses
(lenses focus light on the retina) -UV- B is absored in the lens *cataracts |
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cataracts
(vision prob due to UV) |
clouding of the lens = cloudy vision
- mostly in elderly - in mtn enviros cataracts occur @ younger age (due to increased UV exposure |
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sunscreen
|
more UV absorbed in sunscreen -- decreases that absorbed in skin / transmitted thru skin
|
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oxygen concentration prob for ppl
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hypoxia
|
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hypoxia
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symtoms associated with lack of oxygen
(occurs above 8,000 ft) |
|
mild hypoxia
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"acute mtn sickness"
SYMPTOMS: -fatigue -headache -nausea -shortness of breath -dehydration -insomnia -loss of appetite TREATMENT: -go to lower alt -stay hydrated -no exertion **takes 3-6 months to develop more hemoglobin (to transport O2) |
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severe hypoxia
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"high altitude pulminary edema"
SYMPTOMS: -dizzyness -lack motor skills -lack cognitive skills -cough -nausea -"edema" = fluid in lungs (pneumonia-like symptoms) TREATMENT: -oxygen mask -lower alt **FATAL if not dealt w/ immediately** |
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machu pichu handout
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-in andes mtns
-city in peru -built 1460 AD -8,000 ft (above cloud forest) -used terracing to decrease erosion and increase cultivation area (potatos / maize) |
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big thompson canyon flood
(handout) |
1976
-killed tourists (in camping area) -canyon walls = sheer rock -- little soil / veg to absorb runoff |
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winchill temp
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temp it "feels like"
wind increase = body cooled faster *doesn't impact inanimate objects (can't be cooled below actual temp) |
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frostbite
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injury due to freezing body tissue
-extremities most susceptible -symptoms - loss of feeling + white |
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hypothermia
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abnomally low body temp (95*F)
uncontrollable shivering memory loss disorientation incoherence drowsiness TREATMENT _ med attention immediately -if not - warm body slowly |
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popped ears
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increase in elevation - decreases pressure in outer ear (ear drum bulges in)
*opp with decrease elevation* =closes eustachian tube --opening tube flattens eardrum + popping noise |