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26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Continuum of use

Experimentation
Recreational/social
Regular use/binging
Problematic use: Mild to severe

Tolerance...

Is a word describing certain changes in the way the body reacts to a drug. A person who develops tolerance needs more and more of the drug to get the same effect as before

Withdrawal symptoms...

Are compensatory reaction in the body oppose the primary effects of the drug. Therefore, they are the opposite of the effects of the drug. E.g. Heroin cause euphoria, which is replaced with dysphoria on withdrawal of the drug

Craving...

Is a psychological urge to administer a discontinued medication or recreational drug

All drugs taken in excess cause

- Direct activation of the brain reward system


- Reinforce drug taking behaviours


- Produce intense activation of reward system such that normal activities may be neglected


- Typically produce feeling of pleasure high


- Reduce inhibitory control

Drug dependence means

that a person needs a drug to function normally. Dependence can be normal body response to a substance

Drug addiction means

the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects

Addiction vs. dependence

A person may have physical dependence on a substance without having an addiction

Substance abuse

Intoxication Disorder Withdrawal




2-3 criteria indicate a mild disorder 4-5 criteria, a moderate disorder And 6 or more, a severe disorder

Feature of substance use

- Impaired control


- Social impairment


- Risky Use


- Pharmacological

Impaired control

Use beyond intention, inability to reduce usage, time taken to obtain, use and recover and cravings

Social impairment

Failure to fulfill obligation


Continue despite problems


Withdrawal from people/activities to use substance

Risky use

Use in physically hazardous situations


Valued activities are abandoned or reduced

Pharmacological

Tolerance and Withdrawal

Substance induced disorders

- Can be associated with symptoms that are characteristics of other mental disorders



- Substance-induced delirium, psychotic disorder, mood disorder etc.

Prevalence

Marijuana > Ecstasy > Meth > Cocaine etc.


Highest prevalence in 18-20 age group


Dependencies: Nicotine > Heroin > Cocaine ...

Reason for Personal and professional attitudes

- Less than 1/3 of substance abuse in recorded


- Clinicians do not suspect a problem


- Denial Lack of skills/knowledge for diagnosis


- Fear of negative consequences


- Pessimism about recovery


- Embarrassment or fear of offending patient


- Frequently comorbid depression, anxiety, psychosis overshadowing

Theories of abuse

- Biological
- Personality
- Family causation
- Genetics
- Modelling/social learning
- Co-dependency and enabling
- Social-cultural influence
- A bio-psycho-social model
- Disease theory
- Disease as susceptibility
- Disease as damage: exposure model
- Incentive sensitisation
- Positive reinforcement
- Family interaction model

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL Model

- Complex model of drug use
- Consider eitiology to be a multifactorial phenomenon.
- Emergence of substance use depends on the amount of exposure and social pressure to consume as well as personal vulnerability
- Humans are born with drive, receive rewards and punishment for trying, develops preferred methods and tend to persist in attempts, shaped by psychosocial processes, set and setting shape experience.

EXAM COMPARE TWO MODELS


EXAM ALCOHOL QUIZ

Alcohol general facts

- 80-90% metabolised


- Females: Higher blood alcohol levels than males


- Males have higher stomach metabolism


- Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) breaks down alcohol. 50% of Asians have inactive ALDH.


- 1 standard drink per hour

Binge drinking

Is drinking too much on a single occasion of drinking. More than the recommended standard drinks for adults


Refers to drinking continuously and occasionally




Risks... Memory loss, injury, dizziness, loss of coordination, diarrhoea, vomiting, lack of judgement, alcohol poisoning

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Begins within 24 hrs.
Lasts up to 5 days
99% don't go beyond stage 1
A regular intake of M - 8, F -6
Alcohol withdrawal seizures
Usually occurs with 7-24 hrs. of last drink
Medical emergency

Cannabis Prevalence

- 35% of Aus. population reported using cannabis, 10% in the last 12 months
- 21% of 14-19 years olds
- 47% of 20-29 year olds

Substance abuse Treatment Options

- Support groups
- Beyond 12 step groups
- Smart recovery groups
- Harm reduction programs
- Methadone/Suboxone or other medication
- Treatment programs
- Traditions talking therapies
- Therapeutic community models
- Contingency management models

Substance abuse Treatment Options (evidence based)

CBT


Contingency management interventions/motivational incentives


Motivation enhancement therapy


12 step facilitation therapy


Behavioural therapies