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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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systole |
phase of the heartbeat in which the heart contracts and pumps blood into the muscles |
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diastole |
phase of the heartbeat when the heart relaxes and fills with blood again, following the systole |
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coronary circuit |
circuit of blood vessels in the heart muscle |
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myocardium |
heart muscles |
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hepatic-portal circuit |
circuit going to the digestive system and the liver |
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what controls the heartbeat? |
the sinoatrial node, also called the pacemaker |
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what is the sinoatrial node? |
specialized group of muscle cells in the wall of the RIGHT ATRIUM that send an electric impulse to the atrium, causing it to contract and carry this impulse to the atrioventricular node, which causes the ventricles to contract
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what is the largest artery in the body and how large is it? |
the aorta, carrying oxygenated blood, and is around the width of a thumb |
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what are the two largest veins in the body? |
the superior and inferior vena cava
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name the four functions of blood |
- to carry oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to the cells - to pick up wastes and toxins from the cells - to fight infection - to regulate temperature, pH, and water levels |
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what are the four components of blood? |
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
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describe plasma |
- 90% water - carries blood cells, hormones, etc. - helps regulate body temperature - straw colored |
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name the three functions of the lymphatic system |
- to collect fluids leaked out of the capillaries to return them to the blood supply - plays important role in fighting infections - returns fluids through network of lymph nodes and vessels |
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name the three types of cartilage |
fibrous, hyaline, and elastic |
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what are some common functions of cartilage? |
to absorb shock, maintain rigidity, create shape, and reduce friction between bones |
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what are the four types of muscles? |
involuntary, voluntary, cardiac, both |
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describe voluntary muscles |
- also called striated muscle - examples: biceps, triceps - these are the ones you control |
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describe involuntary muscles |
- also called smooth muscle - these are the ones you don't control (like Gastrointestinal Muscles) |
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describe muscles that are "both" |
they function both as voluntary and involuntary muscles, ex: diaphragm |
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describe cardiac muscle |
- while technically involuntary, they are much different that the other kinds of involuntary muscles - heart muscles |
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define tendons |
connective tissue that connects muscles with bones |
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define joints |
area where two bones articulate (meet up) |
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define articular cartilage |
hyaline cartilage lining the bones at joints, avascular and innervated |
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define ligaments |
connective tissue that connects bones to bones |
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what is sliding filament theory |
the theory that sliding actin filament past constant myosin filament is what causes muscle tension/contraction. The shortening of the actin filament caused a shortening of the sarcomere, and therefore the muscle, which is made up of stacked sarcomeres. |
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sarcomeres |
subunits of muscle, stacked upon each other to form the striated pattern seen in muscle under a microcope. made up of parallel units of myosin and actin filaments |
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actin filament |
the filament that does the actual movement, contracting and detracting to form muscle contractions
thinner filament compared to myosin |
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myosin filament |
filament that is thicker than actin, and stationary in length within the sarcomere |
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peptide hormones |
- FAST ACTING hormones - activate already present hormones - made up of peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and modified amino acids - do not enter the cell bc not made up of lipids |
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steroid hormones |
- made up of cholesterol ( lipids ) - therefore they can enter target cells, passing through the lipid bilayer - synthesize new proteins at site, thereby being SLOW ACTING hormones |
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hypothalmus: |
- located in the forebrain - function: acts as a bridge between the nervous and the endocrine systems, stimulating the pituitary gland - secretes ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin |
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function of ADH |
regulates fluid volume in the body |
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function of oxytocin |
stimulates uterus contractions during pregnancy |
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what hormones does the pituitary gland secrete |
FSH, LH, and growth hormone |
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another name for adrenaline? |
epinephrine |
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what two hormones do the ovaries produce? |
progesterone and estrogen |
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define negative feedback |
in which a certain event triggers an action meant to end this event, to regulate it |
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define positive feedback |
in which the event triggers actions to further stimulate more events, with no regulation |
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name the progression of the gastrointestinal tract through which food travels through |
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum |
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name the three organs/glands also aiding in digestion |
pancreas, liver, gall bladder |
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how does the mouth help in digestion? |
- mechanically digests food with teeth/chewing to increase surface area for enzyme action -amylases, to breakdown carbohydrates - saliva, contains enzymes and moistens food to make it easier to swallow - tongue aids in swallowing and tasting |
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esophagus |
- produces mucus which lubricates food to make it slide down easier - 10 inches long |
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stomach |
- stores food - mechanically churns and mashes food - secretes gastric juice and hydrochloric acid - gastric juice contains pepsin, which digests proteins - hydrochloric acid destroys bacteria and provides proper pH for enzyme action - turns food into chyme - contains lipase |
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small intestines |
- most chemical digestion/absorption takes place here - villi increase surface area for absorption - sugars, amino acids, and lipids are absorbed - contains the enzymes maltase, lactase, and sucrase |
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through what structures do sugars and amino acids enter into the body? |
blood capillaries |
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through what structures do lipids enter into the body? |
lacteals, lymphatic capillaries |
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what two substances are secreted by the pancreas for digestion in the small intestines? |
- sodium bicarbonate - pancreatic juice |
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what is the function of sodium bicarbonate? |
neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the chyme coming from the stomach |
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what four enzymes are in pancreatic juice and what are their functions? |
- nucleases: split DNA and RNA into nucleotides - lipase: digests lipids into fatty acids - amylase: digests starch - trypsin: digests protein |
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liver |
- involved in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism - produces bile, which emulsifies fat, breaking it into small particles with greater surface area for enzyme action - filters toxins in the blood stream through the hepatic-portal circuit, which connects small intestines to the liver before going to the heart |
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maltase |
digests maltose into glucose |
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lactase |
digests lactose into glucose and galactose |
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sucrase |
digests sucrose into glucose and fructose |
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large intestines |
- receives indigestible foods from the small intestines - absorbs water and some vitamins |
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what nutrients are absorbed in the stomach |
- 20% of alcohol |
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what nutrients are absorbed in the small intestines? |
- glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins, water, alcohol |
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what nutrients are absorbed in the large intestines? |
- water - potassium - sodium |
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what is a calorie |
the amount of energy needed to heat one kg of water one degree celsius |
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arteriosclerosis |
the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arteries, narrowing them and creating difficulty in transporting blood |
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lymph nodes |
organs of the lymphatic system, filters for cancer cells and foreign particles/toxins. Major sites for B and T cells, with therefore an important role in the immune system |
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spleen |
like a large lymph node, it filters blood |
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what four structures are in the forebrain? |
cerebrum, pituitary, hypothalmus, and pineal gland |
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what does the pineal gland secrete? |
melatonin, for da sleepin |
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what does the thymus gland secrete? |
thymic hormone, used to mature white blood cells |
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midbrain is the |
brainstem |
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hindbrain contain the |
brain stem (pons and medulla oblongata) |
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function of the cerebrum |
memory, learning, speech, emotions, voluntary activities |
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function of the cerebellum |
coordinates muscles, center of balance |
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function of the midbrain or brainstem |
- auditory and visual interpretation |
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function of the pons |
controls breathing |
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function of the medulla oblongata |
controls circulation, swallowing, and digestion |
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what are the three types of neuron? |
sensory, interneuron, motor |
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where is oxygen carried in blood? |
hemoglobin, a protein within red blood cells |
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where is carbon dioxide stored in the blood stream? |
bicarbonate ions |
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name the four functions of the female reproductive system |
1. produce eggs and release on a 28 day cycle 2. provide a site for fertilization 3. provide structure for embryonic development 4. provide female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) |
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name the eight structures in the female reproductive system |
ovaries, ovaducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia majora, labia minora, clitorus |
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name the four phases of the menstrual cycle and their duration |
1. follicle stage (10-14 days long) 2. Ovulation (usually on the 14th day) 3. Luteal stage (10-14 days) 4. Menstruation (3-5 days) |
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what occurs during the follicle stage |
- pituitary gland secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - this stimulates the follicle to develop and mature - follicle secretes ESTROGEN |
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what occurs during ovulation? |
- high levels of estrogen cause pituitary gland to begin production of luteinizing hormone (LH) - high levels of LH cause follicle to burst, releasing the egg |
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what occurs during the luteal stage? |
- the ruptured follicle becomes a yellow body called the corpus luteum - the corpus luteum begins too produce progesterone, further building the uterus wall - progesterone inhibits FSH |
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what occurs during mestruation? |
- LH levels decrease and cause the corpus luteum to break down - progesterone levels drop and cause the uterine wall to break down - the extra layers of the uterine wall, the unfertilized egg, and small amounts of blood pass out of the body through the vagina |
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what is the estrous cycle? |
the reproductive cycle common among females of other mammalian species |
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name the three functions of the male reproductive system |
1. production of sperm 2. deposit sperm inside the female reproductive tract 3. produce male sex hormones |
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name the five individual structures that make up the male reproductive system |
testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, urethra |
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what is the scrotum? |
sac that contains the testes and epididymis, maintaining temperature 1-2 degrees C cooler than the rest of the body for sperm production |
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seminiferous tubules |
small, coiled tubules that make up the testes, producing ~300 million immature sperm a day |
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function of the epididymis |
stores sperm cells for around 18-20 days, in which they become motive and gain the ability to fertilize |
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name the three accessory glands to the male reproductive system |
seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands (cowper's glands) |
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function of the seminal vesicles |
- they produce 60% of total fluid volume of semen - alkaline to neutralize acids in vagina - fructose sugar for food - coagulating enzyme |
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function of prostate |
- produces anticoagulant enzymes - citrate (a sperm nutrient) - alkaline fluid for neutralization of acids in female system |
