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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is bacteria?
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A category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
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What is archae?
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prokaryote and extremophiles.
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What are viruses?
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small, noncellular particles, that parasitize cells
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What are fungi?
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Eukaryotes that include both microscopic (mold and yeast) and larger organisms (mushrooms and puffballs).
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What are protozoas?
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Ekaryotes that are animal like and mostly single.
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What are helminths?
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Eukaryotic parasitic worms such as tapeworm, roundworm, and hookworm.
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What does Algae belong to?
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Eukaryotes, kingdom of Protista.
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What is the classification of Protists?
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Protozoans and Algae
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What are the uses of microbes by man?
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Immunology, Biotechnology, Genetic engineering, Public Health Microbiology/epidemiology, Food Microbiology, Dairy and Acquatic Micro, Ag Micro, Bioremediation.
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What is Immunology?
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studies the complex web of protective substances and reactions caused by invading microbes and other harmful entities.
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What is Biotechnology?
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Any process that harnesses the actions of living things to arrive at a desired product (yeast to make beer, vaccinations)
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What is Genetic Engineering?
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deliberate alterations of the genetic makeup of organisms to create novel microbes, plants and animals with unique behavior and physiology.
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What is Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology?
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Monitors and controls the spread of diseases in communities.
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What is Food, Dairy, and Aquatic Microbiology?
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Examination of ecological and practical roles of microbes in food and water.
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What is agricultural Microbiology?
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Examination of relationships between microbes and domesticated animals and plants.
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What is Biomediation?
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Breakdown of toxins, introduces microbes into the environment to restore stability. (i.e. oil spills)
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What are other diseases that are linked to infectious organisms?
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Malaria
Gastric ulcer Coronary Artery Disease Multiple Sclerosis Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
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What organisms are found in the Kingdom Monera?
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Bacteria and Archae
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What organisms are found in the Kingdom Protists
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Protozoans, algae
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What organisms are found in the Kingdom Mycetae?
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Yeast, Club fungi, and molds.
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What type of appendages are found on bacteria?
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flagella, axial filaments, pili (only on Gram -) and Fimbrae.
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lophotrichous flagellum
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small tufts of polar flagellum
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amphitrichous flagellum
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one polar flagellum on each end
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peritrichous flagellum
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randomly dispersed across the cell
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chemotaxis
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senses chemicals
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phototaxis
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light sensing
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Signals that send flagella in a clockwise motion is said to make it ?
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Tumble
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Signals that send flagella in a counter clockwise motion is said to make it?
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Run
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Periplasmic Flagella
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Internal flagella between the outer sheath and cell wall.
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Pili
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Used to pass on genetic material from one cell to another (conjugation). Found only on Gram- bacteria.
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Fimbrae
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used for adhesion to surfaces and cells.
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What type of appendage is NOT found on bacteria?
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Cilia
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Glycocalyx in prokary.
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Coating of macromolecules that protect the cell and may assist in adhering to surfaces.
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Slime layer in prokary.
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Not well organized. Loose covering that protects against fluid and nutrient loss.
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Capsule in prokary.
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Well organized coat made of proteins or polysaccharides or both. Common in pathogens.
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In prokaryotes, what does the cell envelope consist of?
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Cell wall and cell membrane.
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In prokaryotes, what function does the cell wall have?
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Determines shape, prevents lysis or collapsing due to change in osmotic pressure. Peptidoglycan is primary component.
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In prokaryotes, what function does the cell membrane have?
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Provides site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis. Also allows passage of nutrients into the cell wall and the discharge of wastes. Sel. permeable.
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In prokaryotes, what is the cell cytoplasm?
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A dense gelatinous solution of sugar, salts, amino acids. 70-80% H2O. Serves as a solvent for materials used in all cell functions.
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In prokaryotes, what is a chromosome?
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A single, circular, double stranded DNA molecule containing all genetic info required by a cell, aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid.
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In prokaryotes, what are plasmids?
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Small circular double stranded DNA. These are extra chromosomal DNA. Duplicated and passed on to offspring.
Used in gen eng. Not ess. to bac. growth and metabolism. |
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Plasmids are used in multidrug therapy to do what?
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Avoid drug resistance.
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In prokaryotes, ribosomes do what?
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Site of protein synthesis. They differ from eukaryote ribosomes in size and number of proteins. Ribosomal RNA is 60%, protein 40% in makeup.
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In prokaryotes, what is the cytoskeleton?
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Internal network of protein polymers closely associated with the cell wall.
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What type of appendages do eukaryotes use?
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flagella and cilia
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Cilia are used for locomotion and ___________ in eukaryotes.
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feeding.
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In eukaryotes, glycocalyx is a layer of complex fibers that function how?
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As receptors and communicators.
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Do eukaryotes have slime layers and capsules?
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Yes.
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Which eukaryotes have rigid cell walls that impart structural support and shape?
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Algae and fungi.
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How is the cytoplasmic membrane of the eukaryote similar to the prokaryote?
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Made of phospholipids.
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How is the cytoplasmic membrane of the eukaryote different from the prokaryote?
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Eukaryotes have organelles that are membrane bound where prokaryotes do not.
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In eukaryotes, what is the dense gelatinous fluid that is enclosed by the cell membrane called?
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Cytoplasmic matrix or cytosol.
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Where does glycolysis respiration occur in an eukaryote?
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cytoplasm
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The ___________ is enclosed by a nuclear envelope that is two membranes with pores for passage of molecules to and from it.
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nucleus
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What is the site of messenger RNA synthesis and an area for collecting ribosomes in an eukaryote?
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nucleolus
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What is the function of ER?
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Form a transport highway for molecules.
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Rough ER has ribosomes on the ER membrane surface and is site of what?
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protein synthesis
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Smooth ER functions in what?
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nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of non-protein marcromolecules (lipids).
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Golgi Apparatus
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UPS - packages proteins for distribution to other parts of the cell or to the outside of the cell via secretions.
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What is the sensory pathway?
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Nucleus to ER to Golgi and out.
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Mitochondria
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produces the majority of energy for the cells in the form of ATP (citric acid, electron transport). Lives a life almost independent from cell.
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What are chloroplasts function?
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Produce chemical energy via sunlight. Has a double membrane and light absorbing pigments.
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Thylakoids
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individual flattened sacs
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Granum
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stacks of thylakoids
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What is the cytoskeleton of a eukaryote composed of?
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Microfilaments for movement through amoebid motion.
Microtubules for structure of cell and movement of cilia and flagella. |
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Which scientist disproved spontaneous generation, demonstrated Germ Theory of Disease, and invented pasteurization?
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Louis Pasteur
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Which scientist developed a series of proofs that verified the Germ Theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused?
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Koch
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Which scientist identified the cause of anthrax, TB and cholera and was the first man to clearly link a microscopic organism with a specific disease?
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Koch
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Which scientist discovered that giving birth at home lowers the risk of infection than giving birth at the hospital?
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Holmes
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Which scientist discovered that women became infected in the maternity ward after examination by a doctor coming directly from autopsy?
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Semmelweis
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Which scientist introduced aeseptic techniques reducing microbes in medical settings and was the one who is responsible for introducing Handwashing.
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Lister
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Who is the Father of Microbiology?
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Pasteur
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Who is the self made microbiologist who invented the first microscope?
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Leeuwenhoek.
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What are the four steps in the Scientific Method?
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Observe
Hypothesis Test Theory Law Principle |
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What is the organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source. It is not nutritionally dependent on anything.
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Autotroph
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What is a photoautotroph?
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organism that uses photosynthesis to survive.
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What does oxygenic mean?
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Uses O2.
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What does anoxygenic mean?
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Does not use O2.
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What is a chemoautotroph?
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Organism that survives totally on inorganic substances.
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What are methanogens?
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A type of chemoautotroph that produces methane gas under anaerobic conditions.
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What are the two classes of autotrophs?
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Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs |
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What are heterotrophs?
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Organisms that must obtain CO2 in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids.
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What are the classes of heterotrophs?
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Chemoheterotroph
Photoheterotroph |
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What are chemoheterotrophs?
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metabolic conversion of nutrients from other organisms. (i.e. aerobic respiration).
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What is a saprobe?
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Decomposer. It metabolizes the organic material of dead organisms.
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What is an opportunistic pathogen?
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A pathogen that does not have to have a host and will not make you sick unless you already are sick.
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What is a facultative parasite?
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A parasite that is found where it does not typically live.
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What is a parasite?
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An organism that utilizes tissues and fluids of a live host. Can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or animal.
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What is a photoheterotroph
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An organism that utilizes sunlight or organic matter.
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What are the top 6 elements of life?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur, Nitrogen
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How much of earth's atmosphere is nitrogen?
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79%
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What element is an acceptor of oxygen during cell respiration and a gradient creation in cell respiration?
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Hydrogen
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What element is essential to metabolism of many organisms and makes up 20% of earth's atmosphere?
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Oxygen
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Which element is the key component of nucleic acids, essential to genetics, and serves in energy transfers (ATP)
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phosphorous
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Which element contributes to the stability of proteins by forming disulfide bonds and is an essential component of some vit and a.a. methione and cysteine.
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Sulfur
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How many major layers has a Gram Positive?
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1
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How many major layers has a Gram negative?
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2
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Which Gram (Positive or Negative) has a thick layer of peptidoglycan?
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Positive
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Which Gram (Positive or Negative) has a thin layer of peptidoglycan?
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Negative
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Which Gram (Positive or Negative) has teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid?
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Positive
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Which Gram (Positive or Negative) has endotoxin, lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins?
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Negative
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In the Gram Negative, the bottom layer is the THIN layer of peptidoglycan. What are the spaces above and below that layer called?
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Periplasmic space.
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What are the four steps in Gram Staining?
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Crystal Violet, Mordant, Alcohol, and Safranin.
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What is a symbiotic relationship of microorganisms?
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Organisms live in close nutritional relationships which is required by one or both members. The three categories are: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
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What is mutualism?
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obligatory dependent - both members benefit.
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What is commensalism?
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Commensal benefit - other member is not harmed.
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What is parasitism?
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Parasite is dependent and benefits. Host is harmed.
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What is nonsymbiotic relationships of microorganisms?
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organisms are free-living, relationships are not required for survival. Categories are synergism and antagonism.
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What is synergism?
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Members cooperate and share nutrients.
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What is antagonism?
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Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others.
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What are the different types of transport?
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Passive - diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Active - group translocation and bulk transport. |
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What is diffusion?
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Movement from high to low areas of concentration.
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What is osmosis?
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diffusion of water. The solvent seeks the solute!
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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moves with the gradient until equal. Requires a protein carrier.
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What is group translocation?
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transported molecule is chemically altered.
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What is bulk transport?
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Endocytosis, exocytosis, and pinocytosis.
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What is endocytosis?
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Object is engulfed by cell membrane to be carried into the cell in a vesicle.
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What is exocytosis?
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Object is expelled from membrane.
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What is pinocytosis?
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Endocytosis of liquid into membrane.
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What is passive transport?
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does not require energy. substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration.
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What is active transport?
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requires energy and carrier proteins and is gradient dependent. Moves against gradient.
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What is aerobe?
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Utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it.
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What is obligate aerobe?
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cannot grow without oxygen.
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What is facultative anaerobe?
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utilizes oxygen but can grow in its absence. (It is actually an aerobe)
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What is microaerophilic?
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requires only a small amount of oxygen.
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What is anaerobe?
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does not utilize oxygen.
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What is obligate anaerobe?
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Lacks enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygenated environment.
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What is aerotolerant anaerobe?
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Does not utilize oxygen, but can survive and grow in its presence. (Counterpart to facultative.)
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What are the three shapes of bacteria?
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Coccus, Bacillus, and Spirillum.
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What shape is coccus?
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spherical
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What shape is bacillus?
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Rod
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What shape is spirillum?
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helical, comma, twisted rod
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In arrangements for cocci, groups of four are called
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tetrads
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Cocci arrangements are:
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single, diplococcic, tetrads, irregular clusters, chains, and cubical packets called sarcina.
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Bacilli arrangements are:
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diplobacilli, chains, and palisades (or stakes).
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____________ does not usually stay attached to each other.
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Spirillum
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________ are a result of when organisms attach to a substrate by some form of extracellular matrix, binding them together in complex, organized layers.
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Biofilms
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_________ dominate the structure of the most natural environments on earth.
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Biofilm
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What is quorum sensing?
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Communication and cooperation in formation and function of Biofilms.
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What are the different methods for counting bacteria?
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Turbidometry, Viable Plate count, Direct Cell count, and Direct Microscopic count.
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Which method for counting bacteria uses degree of cloudiness for its method?
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Turbidometry.
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Which method of counting bacteria only counts living cells?
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Viable Plate count
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Which method of counting bacteria uses a coulter counter?
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Direct Cell Count
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Which method of counting bacteria uses a sample on a grid under a cover glass in which cells are only counted in the grid?
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Direct Microscopic Count.
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