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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Evolution
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Simple-Change over time.
A change in the gene frequency of a population from one generation to the next. Happens within a population not the individual. |
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Four Forces of Evolution
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Mutation
Gene Flow Genetic Drift Natural Selection |
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Mutation
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A change in the genetic structure of an organism.
Source of genetic variation. Good, Bad, or Neutral Random |
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Gene Flow/Migration
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Movement of genetic material from one population to another.
Random |
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Genetic Drift
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Changes in gene frequency in a small population.
random |
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Genetic Drift:
Founder Effect |
Small population becomes reproductively isolated.
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Genetic Drift:
Bottleneck |
Population is greatly reduced causing reduced genetic variation.
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Natural Selection
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Changes in the frequency of a trait or gene in a population due to environmental factors.
Individuals with better adaptive traits to the environment are able to survive and pass those traits to their offspring. Not random |
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DNA
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double stranded twisting molecule (double helix)
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Four Nitrogenous Bases
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Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) |
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Purines
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double-ringed compound
A's and G's |
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Pyrimidines
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single-ringed compound
C's and T's |
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Purines/Pyrimidines
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A=T
G=C |
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Nucleotide
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Basic unit of DNA
3 parts phosphate group sugar ring base connected through a strong chemical bond. Attach to phosphate backbone via hydrogen bonds. |
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What's the difference between the bond between Adenine and Thymine and that between Cytosine and Guanine?
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A's and T's bond with double hydrogen bonds.
C's and G's bond with a triple hydrogen bond. |
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RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
Uracil instead of Thymine Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. Single Stranded Copies one gene at a time |
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Transcription
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DNA unwinds at a specific gene.
RNA polymerase forms a complimentary mRNA strand. mRNA travels through nuclear membrane. A ribosome begins the process of translation at the "START" codon. |
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Translation
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Ribosome reads three bases (codon) at a time.
Each codon is complimented with an anti-codon carried on tRNA molecules. When the codon of the mRNA matches the anti-codon of the tRNA, the amino acid is transferred to the ribosome. This process is repeated, creating a chain, until a STOP codon is encountered. The ribosome and mRNA degenerate leaving the protein. |
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Monohybrid Cross
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Used one trait that is coded by two alleles like flower color.
Pure bred purple and pure bred white crossed. First generation self pollinated. Second generation 3:1 ratio purple and white flowers. |
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Transcription Factors
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A protein that binds with specific DNA sequences to control transcription of genetic information to mRNA.
Allows or prevents RNA polymerase from reaching a certain gene. Regulate gene expression. |