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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Descriptive Science |
Observing, Recording, describing, characterizing, limited and classifying. Needed before inquiry science |
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Inquiry Science |
The way scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence derived from work. Questions are asked |
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Steps in the scientific method |
Observation Hypothesis Predictions Tests Conclusions |
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Hierarchy of life |
Atomic level Molecular level Organelle level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system Level Organism level Populations Communities Ecosystems Biome Biosphere |
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6 properties of life |
reproduction growth energy utilization evolution/adaptation respond to environment homeostasis |
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Properties of a virus |
Lack the ability to reproduce without the aid of host cell Don't use typical cellular division to replicate |
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Robert Hook |
1665 1st to coin term cell, looked at a work at 30X magnification |
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Aton van Leeuqenhoek |
Observed single-celled organisms |
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Schleiden and Schwann |
1839 1st to conclude all living things are composed of cells and arise from cells (Cell theory). Cells take up space and have mass. |
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Inductive reasoning |
small rules to draw larger, general conclusions |
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Deductive reasoning |
Taking large ideas or general rules to draw specific conclusions. Applying hypothesis |
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hypothesis |
statement is possible, multiple hypotheses are possible. |
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Inherent biological availability |
degree which food nutrients are available for absorption and utilization. |
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Elements essential for life |
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (96%). Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium |
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Characteristics of atoms |
smallest unit of life equivalent of one proton, neutron and electron Smallest particle that can't be broken down further Something that has different properties than its constituent |
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Components of atoms |
atom: smallest unit of matter retaining properties of an element protons: positively charged nuclear particle neutrons: electrically neutral nuclear particle electron: negatively charged particle surrounding nucleus mass number: total number of protons + neutrons |
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Isotopes |
Same element with different numbers of neutrons Most natural elements are mixtures of isotopes Element behaves the same in chemical reactions (No matter the number of neutrons. |
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Radioactive isotopes |
unstable, decays to form a new atom. |
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Properties of Electrons |
Basis of chemical reactivity Arranged in orbitals no more than 2 electrons per orbital Electrons try to reside in lowest energy shell possible Absorption of energy will allow electrons to move into higher orbitals |
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Valence
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Outermost shell of electrons Atoms strive for full valence |
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Valence shell's determine |
1st shell contains one orbital 2nd and 3rd contains 4 orbitals |
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What do valence shell's determine? |
Determines the reactivity of an element |
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Thing that all elements strive for |
Full valence shell |
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Covalent and Ionic bonds |
Strongest chemical bonds Valence are shared (Covalent) Valence are stripped (Ionic) |
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Weak bonds |
Atoms are attracted based on charge difference, brief interactions Van der Waals interactions: Hydrogen bonding: |
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Covalent bond properties |
electrons shared to stabilized valence for both atoms Allow formations of molecules Usually polar b/c one partner has strong attraction for electrons that other partners (Water) INFLUENCES 3-D STRUCTURE OF LARGER MOLECULES |
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Ionic bond properties |
Electrons stripped from one atom for use by strong electronegativity in one atom Forms two ions Strength of bond depends on environment. Water weakens. EFFECTS 3-D structure of larger molecules! |
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anion |
negatively charged particle |
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cation |
positively charged particle |
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ionic compounds are called |
salts |
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Hydrogen bonding |
occurs when hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to another electron in another molecule occurs only if H has partial charge attractions by instantaneously induced dipoles. EFFECTS 3-D structure of larger molecules! |
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Van der Waals interactions |
Occurs between non-polar covalent bonds One induced dipole and one permanent dipole EFFECTS 3-D structure of larger molecules! |
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Water's propoerties |
Elixir of life. Several properties critical for life: Cohesion High specific heat, high heat of vaporization, density properties, universal solvent, ability to dissociate |
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Cohesion |
Ability of molecules to stick together. Water is a prime example and is a result of hydrogen bonding. 1 molecule of hydrogen can bond with four others. |
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Specific heat |
amount of heat needed to change temperature of 1g of material by 1 degree celcius Water: high specific heat, temperature changes very slowly and allows water to hold heat |
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Heat of vaporization |
heat needed for 1g of liquid to be converted to gas. High heat of vaporization for water because of hydrogen bonding |
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Density of water |
Water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius but freezes at 0 degrees Celsius This is a result of hydrogen bonding This causes ice to float in water. |
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Adhesion |
When a substance clings to a surface other than itself. This causes water to cling to the container |
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The Universal Solvent |
stabilizes ions in solutions because of polar molecules |
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hydrophilic |
water-loving and soluble in water many molecules have hydrophobic/philic region |
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hydrophobic |
water fearing. Generally insoluble in water many molecules have hydrophobic/philic region |
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Disassociation of water |
Water occasionally disassociates and one hydrogen pairs with a water molecule to create a positively charged hydronium ion. Hydronium is extremely reactive At 25 degrees Celsius concentration of 10-7M hydronium and water |
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Effects of acids and bases on water |
acids increase [H+] bases decrease [H+] strong acids and bases completely disassociate weak acids and bases dissociate reversibly |
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pH scale |
potential hydrogen scale. Change of one pH unit results in 10X [H+] difference |
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buffers |
substances that minimize changes in H+/OH- concentrations Accepts and donate H+ to the solution Example: |
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Chemical reactions of water |
free protons exists in water that are attracted to oxygen to form hydronium H2O is the base because it accepts a proton H3O is the conjugate acid |
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Key characteristics of Carbon |
organic (carbon-containing) molecules comprise 5-30% of the cell four valence electrons tetrahedral shape compatible with most elements Near top right of the periodic table but still mostly covalent bonds form |
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CH4 Methane |
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Ethane C2H6 |
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Ethene (ethylene) Double bond results in everything in the same plane |
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Carbon combinations |
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbons Carbon-hydrogen bonds: hydrocarbons are high energy Result: variability in molecular skeleton, many different combinations |
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Result of diverse structure |
Diverse functions |
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Isomer |
Same molecular formula; different structure and properties |
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structural isomers |
Order of atoms in the molecule is different. Bonds of molecules are in different locations |
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geometric isomers and examples |
spatial arrangement is different. cis/trans isomers. Two of the same molecules on the same side of double bond=cis two of the same molecules of different side of the double bond: trans |
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enantiomers |
Create mirror images of each other |
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Simple Alkanes naming |
CnH2n+2 Meth: CH4 Eth: C2H6 Prop: C3H8 But: C4H10 Pent Hex Hept Oct Nonane Decane |
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Hydroxyl |
OH molecule polar hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules. Enable linkage via condensation |
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carbonyl |
C double bonded to O |
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carboxyl group |
hydroxyl+ carbonyl. Acidic, ionizes to form -coo and h+. Enters into condensation by giving up OH. |
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amino group |
acts as a weak base N. Nitrogen single bonded to 2 hydrogen and one R group Accept H+ in living organisms. Enters into condensation reactions by giving up H+ |
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phosphate group |
Anion, used in energy transfer. Ex: Adenosine Triphosphate. Enters into condensation by giving up OH. When bonded to another phosphate hydrolysis releases energy. |
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Sulfahydryl |
contains sulfur. Can give up H to form disulfide bridge (S-S) Important in protein folding
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Aldehyde |
C=O very reactive. Important in building molecules and in energy releasing rxns. |
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Keto |
O double bonded to C. C is bonded to two R groups. Important in carbohydrates in energy reactions |
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Major macromolecules |
Carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acid (All polymers but lipids) |
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polymers |
Made up of similar/identical building blocks monomer--> polymer : condensation/dehydration synthesis |
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monomers |
building blocks of polymers polymer-->monomer: hydrolysis |
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Making and breaking polymers |
form/break covalent bonds remove/add water mechanisms is similar, bond type has different names for different macromolecules |
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Carbohydrates |
Fuel for cell monomer: monosaccharides polymers: polysaccharides contains carbonyl and many hydroxyls |
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bond of carbohydrate monomers |
glycosidic linkage |
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monosaccharides |
carbon backbone (3-7 carbons long)
can contain asymmetric carbon often forms rings in solution |
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monosaccharide aldose |
carbonyl group is in the end of chain Glyceraldehyde triose sugar Ribose: pentose sugar Glucose: hexose sugar Galactose: hexose sugar |
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monosaccharide ketose |
carbonyl in the middle of chain Dihydroxyacetone: 3 carbon Ribulose: 5 carbon Fructose: 6 carbon |
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Monosaccharide ring formation |
Start counting where the oxygen in the ring is. Count clockwise. 6 carbon is the carbon sticking off of the ring. If there is a carbon bonded immediately to the carbon connecting to the oxygen, count that stem as 1 Result of covalent bond between carbonyl and hydroxyl |
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Disaccharide formation |
Glycosidic bond. |
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Glucose + Fructose |
Sucrose. |
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Fructose |
6 carbons C6H12O6 |
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Glucose |
6 carbon C6H12O6 |
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Relationship of Glucose and Galactose |
Isomers |
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Monosaccharides |
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Polysaccharides |
Made of monosaccharides (usually glucose) |
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Starch and Glycogen |
composed of alpha glucose monomers |
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cellulose |
beta glucose monomers |
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alpha glycosidic linkages |
helical polymer |
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beta glycosidic linkages |
linear polymer |
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Cellulose |
Parellel cellulose molecules form hydrogen bonds, results in thin fibers. Layers of fibers give plant cell wall great strength |
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Starch |
branched, limits the number of hydrogen bonds that can form in starch molecules. Less compact than cellulose |
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Glycogen |
highly branched. Makes its solid deposits more compact than starch. |
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Lugol's solution (iodine) |
detects polysaccharides that are 7 monosaccharides long |
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Benedict's Reagent (Copper Sulfate) |
detects simple sugars, but not complex; requires basic environment. Copper accepts electrons from sugar to form colored precipitate |
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Basic formula in carbohydrates |
(CH2O)n. Usually between 3-7 |
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alpha in carbohydrates |
hydroxyl group near the O in the carbon chain pointing away from the O |
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beta glucose |
hydroxyl group near the O in the carbon chain points towards the oxygen |
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properties of lipids |
not composed of monomers long hydrocarbon chains mostly hydrophobic, but some have polar bonds stores energy, provide barriers, act in signaling includes: fats, phospholipids, steroids |
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Fats |
glycerol (hydroxyl containing) and 3 fatty acid chains with carbonyl ends fatty acid chain with variable length (16-18) and can have double bonds Can store 2x more energy than polysaccharides |
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Saturated fat |
no double bonds. Straight chain. Easy to pack molecules in, usually solid at room temperature ie stearic acid |
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unsaturated fats |
at least one double bond, bends the tail. Using liquid at room temperature ie oleic acid |
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Phospholipids |
composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate tail. Phosphate head highly polar. Forms micelles or lipid bilayers |
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Micelle |
lipid molecules arranged spherically, hydrophilic head on the outside, facing aqueous solution. Hydrophobic tails are on the inside blocked off from the water. |
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bilayer |
Hydrophilic tails on the middle hydrophilic head on the outside facing aqueous solution |
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Steroids |
hydrocarbon rings form 4 fused rings attach functional group determines function Steroids are considered lipids |
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Sudan IV |
lipid soluble dye, dissolves in non-polar solvents |
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Proteins |
composed of amino acid monomers function: support, storage, transport, signaling, movement, defense, regulate metabolism. |
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polypeptide |
chain of amino acids |
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protein |
1 or more polypeptides in a specific conformation |
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Essential amino acids |
20 amino acids necessary for life |
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amino acids |
asymmetric C with carboxyl and amino groups and R |
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20 amino acids |
Glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine |
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Ester |
Central carbon double bonded to an oxygen, central carbon single bonded to a side group , carbon single bonded to an oxygen and another side group |
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Ether |
oxygen bonded to two different sub groups |
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Protein |
1 or more polypeptides in a specific conformation |
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polypeptide |
chain of amino acids composed of amino acid monomers |
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Bond type for amino acids |
Covalent. Carboxyl (C) and amino acid (N) ends of amino acids Range: few-thousands |
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Amino arrangement dictated by |
by DNA sequence in genes |
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1st (primary structure) protein |
sequence on amino acids = 20^n possibilities held together by covalent bonds of amino acids |
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2ndary structure of protein |
interactions between carboxyl and amino groups on backbone of nearby amino acids |
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3rd (tertiary) structure of protein |
interactions between side groups on more distant amino acids |
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4th Quaternary structure |
more than one polypeptide interacts to form a protein |
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alpha structure of protein |
helical structure (coiled structure) 2ndary structure |
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beta structure of protein |
beta pleated sheets are parallel sheets of amino acids can be antiparellel as well 2ndary structure |
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Tertiary structure |
side chain interactions and solvent side chains can be distant hydrophobic interactions: non-polar amino acids repelled by water Van der Waals forces: stabilize hydrophobic interactions hydrogen bonding: between polar side chains ionic/electrostatic bonding: between charged side chains disulfide bridge: covalent bond between cysteine residues (contains sulfhydryl group) |
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cycsteine |
only happens with disulfide groups |
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Quaternary structure |
interactions between polypeptides in a protein allows for even more diversity in protein function |
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Ester linkages |
connects lipids together |
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Causes of denaturation of protein |
Change in temperature, change in pH, polarity of solvent, [salts], and specific chemicals |
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Chaperons |
proteins that assists with folding of proteins |
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Biuret test |
detects polypeptide change acid treatments will breka hydrogen bonds, changing solubility |
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Nucleic acids |
composed of nucleotide monomers functions to store and transmit genetic information 2 types: deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid |
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bonds connecting nucleic acids |
phosphodiester linkage |
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monomers of nucleic acids |
nitrogenous base, pentose, and phosphate group |
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backbone of nucleic acid |
pentose-phosphate |
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bonding sites of phosphodiester bonds |
5' PO4 3' OH |
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Difference of DNA and RNA |
pentose sugar for DNA: deoxyribose pentose sugar for RNA: Ribose |
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structure of nucleic acid |
nitrogenous base, pentose and phosphate group (phosphodieseter bond) |
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purines |
adenine and guanine |
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aromatic hydrocarbon |
cyclic flat molecule that is unusually stable compared to other types of atom arrangements of that same molecule. Contains benzene |
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Benzene |
cyclic hydrocarbon with the formula c6h6 |
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Pyrimidines |
Cytosine thymine and Uracil |
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RNA uses what nitrogenous bases? |
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil |
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RNA uses what nitrogenous bases? |
adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil |
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DNA structure |
double helix with antiparellel strands Adenine-thymine (Uracil in RNA) (2 bonds) cytosine-guanine (3 bonds) Pairing occurs due to hydrogen bonds |
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Benefits of complementary strands |
allows for efficient copying |
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RNA |
usually exists as single-stranded molecule (not necessarily linear) follows base pairing like DNA (Uracil replaces Thymine) |
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Varieties of RNA |
mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal) |
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Central dogma |
DNA codes for RNA which codes for proteins |
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Why is cell size limited |
surface area to volume ratio transportation distance from DNA to RNA limitation of nutrients in environment |
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Components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes and ribosomes |
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Features unique to Prokaryotes |
Domains bacteria and archae lack membrane bound organelles or nuclear chromosomes usually small with a cell wall |
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Eukaryotes |
Kingdoms protista plantae, fungi and animalia with membrane bound organelles |
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Eukaryote features |
membrane bound organelles that allow for compartmentalization Plant vs animal two major types |
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Animal cells lack |
chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata |
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Plant cells lack |
lysosomes, centrioles and flagella |
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Endomembrane system |
composed of cytosol, cisterna, lumen, plasma membrane and nucleus |
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Nucleus |
stores and transcribes DNA lined by double membrane contains lamina and matrix for support, nuclear pores allow passage of material, nucleolus involved in synthesis of ribosome, chromatin is DNA + protein complex (histones) |
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Double membrane lining the nucleus
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nuclear envelope |
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lamina |
provides support for the nucleus also regular important cellular events dense fibrillar network inside nucleus of most cells consists of intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins |
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nuclear matrix |
structure resulting from aggregation of proteins and RNA in nucleus network of fibers found throughout the inside of a cell nucleus. Helps in organizing the genetic information within the cell |
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Nucleus consists of |
Chromatin, nucleolus, pore, two membranes of nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear lamina, nuclear matrix inner membrane, outer membrane, and pore complex |
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chromatin |
DNA + protein complexes (histones) |
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Histones |
protein complex associated with DNA |
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heterochromatin |
condensed and silent |
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euchromatin |
more relaxed and active |
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chromosome |
condensed chromatin seen prior to cell division |
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Nuclear pore |
protein lined channel that regulates transportation of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm |
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mulsification |
combining non-soluble liquids together via shaking |
