Study Guide For Psychology Chapters 4,5 & 6

Front 1

The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called?

Back 1

Neurons.

Front 2

The gap at the connection between neurons through which neurons chemically communicate with one another, is called?

Back 2

Synapses.

Front 3

What is the term for the period of sleep that is found in order children and adults and is associated with dreaming?

Back 3

REM

Front 4

The American Academy of pediatrics now suggest that babies sleep on their back rather than on their sides or stomachs to prevent

Back 4

SIDS

Front 5

What is the leading cause of death of children under the age of 1 year?

Back 5

SIDS

Front 6

What is the term for unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

Back 6

Reflexes

Front 7

Many of the reflexes that infants are born with have_____value.

Back 7

Survival

Front 8

What is the term for the reflex that protects the eye from to much direct light that might damage the retina?

Back 8

Eye blink

Front 9

What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear, and is demonstrated by the infants tendency to suck at things that touch its lips?

Back 9

Sucking.

Front 10

What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear and is demonstrated when an infant tries to clear his or her throat?

Back 10

Gag

Front 11

Mary is preparing to breast feed her infant daughter, and in doing so, the baby cheek brushes across her mother's blouse. The baby immediately turns its head towards Marys chest in preparation for feeding. This is called the___reflex.

Back 11

Rooting

Front 12

Whar is the term for the reflex where the baby moves its legs when held up right with feet touching the floor?

Back 12

Stepping

Front 13

Baby Janice is just over 8 months of age. It is likely that she is just beginning to..

Back 13

Crawl

Front 14

Thomas is 6 months of age. It is likely that he is able to

Back 14

Sit without support

Front 15

What is one of the most widely used techniques to determine infants normative standards that includes 27 categories of responses that constitute four general aspects of infant behavior.

Back 15

Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale

Front 16

Infants should consume____calories per day for each pound they weigh

Back 16

50

Front 17

Alice has just delivered her baby, however, because of the financial constraints, she has to go back to working both of her jobs, and can't give her baby the attention and stimulation it needs. Due to Alice's situation, her baby could suffer from

Back 17

Non-organic failure to thrive

Front 18

What is the definition of obesity?

Back 18

20% over the average for a government height.

Front 19

Child care authorities agree that for the first 12 months of life there is no better food for an infant than

Back 19

Mothers breast milk

Front 20

Which of the following does an infant demonstrate a preference for through facial expressions.

Back 20

Sweet

Front 21

Who was the Swiss developmental researcher whose theory of development stages highly influenced a considerable amount of work on cognitive development?

Back 21

Piaget

Front 22

Piagets theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescences. These are____

Back 22

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Front 23

When several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem, this is called?

Back 23

Goal directed behavior

Front 24

What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?

Back 24

Object permanence.

Front 25

All the following are considered basic aspects of information processing except

Back 25

Behavior

Front 26

What is the term for the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory?

Back 26

Encoding

Front 27

What term refers to placement of material into memory?

Back 27

Storage

Front 28

What term refers to the process by which material in memory is located, brought to awareness, and used?

Back 28

Retrieval

Front 29

Processes that require relatively little attention are____, however, processes that require relatively large amounts of attention are____

Back 29

Automatic, controlled

Front 30

What is the term for the process by which information is initially recorded, stored and retrieved?

Back 30

Memory

Front 31

What is the term for the lack of memory in experiences that occured in infancy?

Back 31

Infantile amnesia.

Front 32

Memories in our unconscious that affect performance and behavior are known as____memories?

Back 32

Implicit

Front 33

Climbing stairs, riding a bike, eating breakfast are all examples of what type of memory?

Back 33

Explicit

Front 34

Developmental psychologist Nancy Bayley developed the Bayley Scales of infant development to measure

Back 34

Two areas, Mental, (senses, perception, memory, learning, problem solving, language) and Motor abilities.

Front 35

What is the name fir the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences?

Back 35

Sematics

Front 36

By the age of two, most children can use two word sentences and______speech where non critical words of sentences are left out.

Back 36

Telegraphic

Front 37

What is the term that refers to a style which language is used primarily to convey feelings and needs related to oneself and others?

Back 37

Expressive.

Front 38

Which of the following is a type of speech directed towards infants, characterized by short, simple sentences?

Back 38

Infant directed speech.

Front 39

The outdated term for infant direct speech is

Back 39

Motherese

Front 40

Martha and Jim spend time with their baby, teaching her to say what she wants, and to tell her parents what she needs. This style is called

Back 40

Referential

Front 41

Which of the following is not a facial expression expression by babies who are one month of age?

Back 41

Jealously

Front 42

Who was the author of the 1872book "the expression of the emotions in man and animals" and argued that humans and primates have an inborn, universal set of emotional expressions?

Back 42

Darwin

Front 43

What is the term for the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs?

Back 43

Separation anxiety

Front 44

Baby Sally's mother is dropping her off at pre school for the first time, and Sallys behavior changes from calm happy baby, to a crying, cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother. Baby Sally is likely to be demonstrating

Back 44

Stranger anxiety

Front 45

What is the term that means the intentional search for information about others feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events?

Back 45

Social referencing

Front 46

8month old Elishas crib is located near a mirror on her dresser, yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 18 month old sister, Amanda, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full length bathroom mirror. What is the reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not?

Back 46

Amanda has developed self awareness, or knowledge of herself.

Front 47

What Is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual?

Back 47

Attachment

Front 48

When a child experiences pleasure with a person, or experiences comfort from that person when in distress, it is said that the child has

Back 48

Formed an attachment

Front 49

What is the term that refers to a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother and, after the mother has left they seem to avoid her when they return they are angered by her behavior?

Back 49

Avoidant attachment pattern

Front 50

Which attachment pattern describes a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers? They show her great distress when the mother leaves but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her.

Back 50

Ambivalent attachment pattern

Front 51

What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers?

Back 51

The mother is sensitive to the childs needs, is aware of the child's moods, can discriminate infants signals and is responsive warm and affectionate.

Front 52

What is the sum total of enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another?

Back 52

Personality

Front 53

What is Eriksons term for the period during which toddlers (age 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self doubt if they are restricted and over protected.?

Back 53

Autonomy versus shame and doubt stage

Front 54

What Is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, who's body functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable?

Back 54

Easy babies

Front 55

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have negative moods, are slow to adapt to new situations, and tend to withdraw when confronted with a new situation?

Back 55

Difficult babies

Front 56

What is the term to refer to the notion that a child's development is dependent on the degree of match between the child's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are raised?

Back 56

Goodness to fit

Front 57

What Is the term that relates to ones sense of being male or female?

Back 57

Gender roles

Front 58

Research suggests that by____years of age boys behave more independent and less compliantly than girls?

Back 58

3

Front 59

All of the following children are more likely to live in low income family's in America except?

Back 59

Children in two parent Caucasian American families

Front 60

One in____ children lives in a low income household in the United States

Back 60

6 or 8

Front 61

Thoroughly explain the process of "Synaptic pruning" include neuron function.

Back 61

Synaptic pruning is a process where neurons that do not become interconnected become unnecessary and die off as the infant's experience increases levels. As they grow, neurons become arranged by function. Some move to the cerebral cortex, the upper layer of the brain. Others move to the subcortical levels, which regulate fundamental activities such as breathing and heart rate and are below the cerebral cortex.

Front 62

Thoroughly describe the differences in infant direct speech in various cultures.

Back 62

Because developmental diversity. Nutrition in infancy, fueling the motor development. Without the proper nutrition, infants cannot reach their physical potential and also may suffer from the cognitive and social consequences. Malnutrition, the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients, produces several results like, slower growth susceptibility to disease and lower IQ scores

Front 63

List and describe the four classifications of infant attachment.

Back 63

Secure attachment, attachment when children use mother as a home base and are at ease as long as she is present. When she leaves they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns.

Avoidant attachment, attachment when children do not seek proximity to the mother after the mother has left they seem to avoid her when they return they are angered by her behavior.

Ambivalent attachment combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers they show great distress when the mother leaves but when she returns they may seek close contact but also hit and kick her.

Disorganized attachment, inconsistent often contradictory behavior such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her they may be the least securely attached children of all.

Front 64

Thoroughly explain Eriksons stages of psychosocial development that occurs during infancy. Note the effects of achieving or not achieving the goals according to Erikson.

Back 64

Trust versus mistrust stage, birth to 18 months during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caretakers. From 18 months to 3 years infants enter the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage during which toddlers develop either independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and doubt if they are restricted and over protected.