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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Joints |
Joints connect body segments together, and allow movement between the segments |
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What does joint design show |
Reflects the demand of the joint Form Follows Function - appearance of object assists in determining its function |
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What role do functional demands play in joint design |
May help determine the structure. |
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Example of Function --> Structure (Hip Joint) |
Components develop before birth but structure is dependent on interaction between the femur and acetabulum. |
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3 components of Joint function |
Structure (Design) Composition (materials) S+c Determine function Demand leads to change in S+C |
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What are the types of joints? |
Synarthroses -Fibrosis -Cartilaginous Diarthrosis -Synovial |
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Define Fibrous Joints |
Skull Sutures Tooth in mandible/maxilla |
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Define Cartilaginous joints |
Symphysis Pubis Sternum and 1st rib |
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Define Synovial Joints |
Ends of bones are free to move at the articulation Ends of bones connected by joint capsule that encloses the joint |
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What are the Essential Elements of Synovial Joints |
Articular capsule joint capsule synovial membrane ligaments blood vessels sensory nerves |
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What are the additional elements of synovial joints |
Bursa menisci fat bad labra discs |
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Define Menisci |
Intra-articular Discs Assist by spreading forces over larger area Found at: -Tibfib -Distal radio-ulnar -SC Joint -AC Joint -TMJ |
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How are Synovial joints Classified? |
Uniaxial -hinge/pivot Biaxial -Ellipsodial Joint -Saddle joint -Condyloid joint Triaxial -Ball and Socket -Plane Joint |
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What are Ovoid Joints |
Paired surfaces that are imperfectly spherical, or egg shaped. One concave the other convex.
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What are Saddle Joints |
2 surfaces: one concave, other convex. Oriented at right angles to each other.
Spin is limited. |
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Instantaneous VS Average Axis of Rotation |
I: Applies to specified arc of motion A: Entire arc of motion - used clinically |
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Major types of connective tissue? |
Capsule ligament tendon cartilage = periarticular tissue Bone |
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Types of Cells - Fixed |
Fibroblasts Form ligaments, tendons and other supportive tissue (Type I collagen) Chondrocytes Form hyaline articular and fibrocartilage (Type II collagen) Osteoblasts Fibroblast found in bone. (Type I collagen and hydoxyapatite) Osteoclasts Responsible for bone resorption Mast Cell inflammatory mediators Adipose Cell produce and store fat Mesenchyme Cell can differentiate into any connective tissue cell type |
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Types of Cells - Transient |
Lymphocytes - WBC Neutrophils - WBC involved in fighting infection Macrophages - Involved in immune response Plasma Cells - B lymphocytes producing antibodies |
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What is Extracellular Matrix |
-Part of tissue outside of cell -Contains Fibrous proteins (collagen and elastin) and Ground substance - water and proteins |
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Type 1 vs Type 2 Collagen |
Type 1: Thick, litle elongation - ideal for binding and support Type 2: Thinner. Framework for maintaining shape and consistency |
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Describe Elastin |
Resists tensile forces but have more "give" -Aorta -Lig Flavum Easily returns to original shape when deformed |
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What are Glycosaminoglycans |
Negatively charge Hydrophillic Composition of tissue will vary based on demands |
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Where are the different types of GAG found? |
Hyaluronan - syn fluid, loose CT, cartilage Condroitin Sulfate - Cart, bone heart valuves, tendons, lig Heparin - intracellular granules in mast cells Keratan sulfate - cornea bone cartialge |
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What are the two dense connective tissue types |
Irregular - Haphazard orientation of collagen fibers Resists tensile forces from multiple directions Regular - Orderly, near parallel orientation of fibers (lig/tendons) Resist forces along long axis of tissue |
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What are Ligaments |
Connect bone to bone Some are just a thickening of a capsule Small amt of cells large extracell matrix Mainly Type I Collagen |
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What is a ligament |
Denselypacked collagen bundles arranged in line with tensile forces. May be aligned in more than one direction dueto need to provide stability. |
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Names descriptively based on |
Location Structure Bony Attachement |
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What is a tendon? |
Connects muscle to bone and transmits forces Increased % of Type I collagen |
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Describe Collagen fibers in tendons? |
Fiberstend to align straight and parallel to allow for force transfer from muscle tothe bony lever |
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What is an epitendon? |
Sheath which encloses the entire tendon |
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What is Paratendon? |
Double layered sheath of tissue loosely attached to the outer surface of the epitendon |
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What is tenosynovium? |
Synovium filled sheath in tendons subjected to increased friction |
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What is Peritendon? |
Paratendon + Epitendon |
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Decreased loads on Musculotendinous junctions |
Becomes flatter and weaker. Important to note after a period of immobilization |
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What are the cartilage types? |
Fibrocartilage:IV Discs, glenoid and acetabular labra, and intra-articular discs/menisci Elasticcartilage: Found in ears Hyaline(articular) cartilage: Ends of bones in synovial joints |
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Describe Fibrocartilage |
Mixture of dense connective tissue and articular cartilage. Providesresilience and shock absorption of articular cartilage and tensile strength ofligaments and tendons. Anueral: Does not produce pain Limited blood supply - relies on diffusion from adjacent cells |
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Nutrients and weight bearing |
Diffusion of nutrients and removal of waste assisted by "milking" action of intermittent weight bearing |
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Describe Articular cartilage |
Specialized type of hyaline cartilage - forms the load bearing surface of joints. Avascular and aneural - lacks perichondrium = poor maintenance and repair |
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Role of Articular cartilage |
Distributes compreessive forces reduces friction between joint surfaces |
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Breakdown of Articular cartilage |
Damage to superficial layer, increase inflammation, decreased nutrition, proteoglycan loss --> eroding and thinning of cartilage |
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Compostion of bone |
Minerals: Ca and Phosphate
Collagen Gelatinous Ground Substance Water |
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What are the purposes of the organic and inorganic components of bone |
O: Flexibility and resilience
I: Rigidity |
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What is an Osteon |
Structual subunit Concentric layers Contains Haversian canal which contains blood and nerve vessels |
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What are the two types of bone |
Cortical - compact bone -Always surrounds cancellous - 3-30% porous Cancellous - Trabecular bone -30-90%porous |
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What is the periosteum |
Dense fibrous membrane covering the bone Outside blood vessel and nerves Inner contains osteoblasts Long bones - Endosteum |
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Properties of bone |
Dynamic Tissues
Consistant remodeling responds to hormonal changes Greatest strength when compressed along long axis |
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Properties of Tendons |
-Creep with tensile loading -Resistance and elongation determined by many factors -Responds to tension -Vulnerable at the ends - mid tears uncommon -Tensile loading increases size, collagen concentration and cross-links |
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Ligament tissue properties |
Similar to tendons mechanically decreased tensile loading intolerance Immobilization causes rapid weakening |
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How does Cartilage resist load? |
1.Stressin collagen in extracellular matrix (type II collagen) 2.Pressuredeveloped in fluid phase (proteoglycans and water) 3.Frictionaldrag as fluid flows through extracellular matrix |
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Ways to cause changes due to immoblization |
Casting Bed Rest Paralysis Weakness Periarticular connective tissue relies on PA to maintain structure |
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Changes to tissues due to immobilization |
Capsule - Adaptiveshortening, “contractures” Ligamentand Tendon -Decreasedcollagen content, decreased cross-linking ArticularSurface -Thinningand softening of articular cartilage and Increaseddeformation under loading Bone - Wolff’sLaw :Boneis laid down in areas of high stress, and reabsorbed in areas of low stress |
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Tissues responses to exercise |
Bone - Increasedwith weight-bearing exercise (see Wolff’s Law) -Lowmagnitude produces response Cartilage -Tissuehealth dependent on application and removal of loads -Tissueformed is fibrocartilage, not articular cartilage Tendon -Increasedtensile loads lead to increased size, collagen concentrationand cross-links -Structuraland materialchangesoccur Ligament -Preventionof negative changes in healing ligaments. Effect on normal ligaments unknown. |
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What is Acute Trauma |
Single overwhelming event Instability - long EMA and High ET -leads to increased loading on other structures |
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What is Chronic Trauma? |
"Overuse Syndromes" Sudden application of large load Accumulation of unreparied, relatively minor damage |
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What can recurring instabillity lead to? |
Abnormal loading and mechanical failure Length change Dec Resistance to comp and shear forces Reduced shock absorption |
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What is Osteoarthritis |
Gradual erosion of articular cartilage, lack of inflammatory component Sunchondral bone becomes weight bearing surface |
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What is Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Systemic autoimmune disorder with inflammatory component Articular Cartilage eroded by enzymatic procecss Inflam in capsule and synovium |
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What effect does age have on the tissues? |
Histologica changes in periarticular CT and Bone Accumulation of mirotrauma leads to subclinal damage AC - Decrease on GAGs leads to Dec H2O conc Tendon - less stiff, dec mechanical efficiency dec transfer of muscle force Bone - Dec ossteo activity. |