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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the tidelike movement of air into and out of the lungs so that gases in the alveoli are contiunously changes and refreshed.
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pulmonary ventilation
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the gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs
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external respiration
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exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells
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internal respiration
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what differences in structure between the right and left primary bronchi would cause an inhaled substance or object to more frequently end up in the right lung?
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the right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left.
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what are the structural differences between the right and left lungs?
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the right lung has 3 lobes and 2 fissures
the left lung has 2 lobes and 1 fissure. it also has a cardiac notch |
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what is an alveolus?
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tiny balloonlike expansions along the alveolar sacs and occasionally found protruding from alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles. they are composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium overlying a wispy basal lamina
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what is the mechanics behind inspiration?
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the inspiratory muscles contract
the size of the thoracici cavity increases. the intrpulmonary bolume increases lowering the air pressure inside the lungs. air flows down pressure gradient into the lungs. |
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what is the mechanics behind expiration?
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the inspiratory muscles relax
the elasic lung tissue recoil and decreases the intrathoracic and intrapulmonary pressure. the gas flows out of the lungs bc of the change in pressure gradient. |
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what muscles are involved in inspiration and expriation?
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external intercostals and diaphragm.
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what is the Bell Jar Lung Model and what parts of the body are represented by the ballons, wall of the jar, the rubber membrane, and the Y shaped tube?
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balloons: lungs
wall of jar: thorax rubber membrane: diaphragm Y shaped tube: |
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how do you calculate the minute respiratory volume?
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MRV= TV x respirations/min
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amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under restin conditions
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tidal volume
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amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
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inspiratory reserve volume
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amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal vilume exhalation
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expiratory reserve volume
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maximun amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration. How do you calculate this?
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vital capacity
VC= TV + IRV + ERV |
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what are the kidneys the major homeostatic organs of the body?
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kidneys maintains the electrolye, acid-base, and fluid balances of the blood
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what is the driving force for the process of filtration within the renal corpuscle?
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it is a passive process
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what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus control?
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forming concentrated urine.
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what three process occur during thr formation of urine?
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filtration
tubular reabsorption tubular secretion |
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where do each of the process that occur during the formation of urine take place?
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filtration: glomerulus
tubular reabsorption:tubules tubluar secretion: tubules |
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what is the scientific term for voiding or urination?
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micturition
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what can the color, turbidity and odor telly about the person eho gave the sample?
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color and turbidity: normally transparent yellow. color variations indicate the relative concentration of solutes to water in the urine.
Odor: normal-aromatic, ammonia-like odor. some drugs, vegetables, and carious disease processes alter odor. |
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what would you expect to find in a urine sample fro a healthy person?
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contains ions: Na, Cl, K
nitrogenous wastes: ammonia, creatinine, urea and uric acid foreign chemicals: drugs pesticides, food additives suspended solids in trace amounts: bacteria, blood cells, casts |
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what would indicate a disease condition?
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glucose, acetone-> diabetes mellitus
Bile-> liver disease, obsrtuction of bile ducts, hemolytic disease |
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what are the normal ranges for pH and specific gravity tests?
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pH 4.6-8.0
specific gravity: 1.001-1.035 |
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the lower the number of the specific gravity test means what?
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the more water it has
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how do you do a sugar analysis on urine?
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2 drops water, 2 drops sample, 1 tablet of NaOH
follow the color directions |
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what are gonads?
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the essential organs of reproduction
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what cells do gonads produce?
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germ cells
male: sperm female: ova |
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what is a vasectomy?
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cutting of the vas deferens to block sperm
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what is an ectipic pregnancy?
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when the fertilized egg implants anywhere other than the uterus.
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what is gametogenesis?
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process of gamete formation
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what is meiosis?
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a specialized type of nuclear dividion. occurs in the ovaries and testes during gametogenesis
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what are homologous chromosomes?
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egg and sperm chromosome that carry genes for the same traits
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what is a zygote?
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fertilized egg.
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how many ova are fromed from a single primary oocyte?
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1
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what is synapsis?
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the homologous chromosomes begin to pair so that they become closely synapsis
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what is crossing over?
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while in synapsis, that arims of adjacent homologys chromosones coil around each other forming many points of crossover
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spermatogensis produced how many sperm form one primary spermatocyte?
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4
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what is spermiogenesis?
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human sperm production
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