Structure And Function - Head, Neck And Upper Limb

Front 1

Brain Case vs. the Facial Skeleton

Back 1

Braincase (neurocranium) protects and supports the brain.

Facial skeleton (viscerocranium) protects and supports the airways,food passages, and organs of special sense (sight, smell, and taste)

Front 2

SCALP layers

Back 2

- Aponeurosis is also known as the epicranial aponeurosis

- Connective tissue comes off Periosteum easily

Front 3

What are the bregma and lambda sutures remnants of?

Back 3

- Bregma was the anterior fontanelle

- Lambda was the posterior fontanelle

Front 4

Identify the sutures.

Back 4

Front 5

What vessel crosses the pterion?

Back 5

The middle menigeal artery

Front 6

What parts of the brain do the following fossas support?

1. Anterior cranial fossa

2. Middle cranial fossa

3. Posterior cranial fossa

Back 6

Anterior cranial fossa =

i. frontal lobes

Middle cranial fossa =

i. the temporal lobes

ii. diecephalon

iii. pituitary gland

Posterior cranial fossa =

i. brain stem

ii. cerebellum

Front 7

Identify.

Back 7

Front 8

Identify.

Back 8

Front 9

Name the dural folds and the green encircled area.

Back 9

area between the tentorium cerebelli = tentorial notch

Front 10

What parts of the skull are separated by the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 10

Front 11

Identify.

Back 11

Front 12

Identify.

Back 12

Front 13

Name Cranial nerves I-V and mention where they go into the skull.

Back 13

I – Olfactory – Into the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
II – Optic – Into the optic canal
III – Occulomotor – Into the superior orbital fissure
IV – Trochlear – Into the superior orbital fissure
V – Trigeminal
-- V1 - Ophthalmic division – Into the superior orbital fissure
-- V2 – Maxillary division – Into the foramen rotundum
-- V3 – Mandibular division – Into the foramen ovale

Front 14

Name Cranial nerves VI-XII and mention where they go into the skull.

Back 14

VI – Abducens – Into the superior orbital fissureVII – Facial – Into the internal auditory meatus

VIII – Vestibulocochlear – Into the internal auditory meatus

IX – Glossopharyngeal – Into the jugular foramen

X – Vagus - Into the jugular foramen

XI – Accessory – Into the jugular foramen

XII – Hypoglossal – Into the hypoglossal foramen

Front 15

Identify the 4 arteries.

Back 15

Front 16

What is the function of the arachnoid villi?

Back 16

Clear the cerebral spinal fluid into the sinuses

Front 17

What vessels make up the circle of Willis?

Back 17

The arteries arising from this circle are all end arteries. No anastamosing!

Front 18

1. What vessel enters the skull through the carotid canal?

2. What vessel enters the skull through the foramen magnum?

Back 18

1. Internal carotid arteries

2. Vertebral arteries

Front 19

What forms the zygomatic arch?

Back 19

Temporal process of zygomatic bone meets zygomatic process of temporal bone to form zygomatic arch

Front 20

What part of the skull holds the teeth in?

Back 20

Alveolar process of the maxilla and the alveolar process of the mandible

Front 21

Name all these 5 muscles + the nerve that innervates them.

Back 21

Innervated by Cranial Nerve VII

Front 22

Identify the red dots.

Back 22

Front 23

What are the Muscles of Mastication and what nerve are they innervated with?

Back 23

1. Temporalis

2. Masseter

3. Lateral pterygoid

4. Medial pterygoid

- Innervated by the mandibular division (V3) of cranial nerve V- the trigeminal

Front 24

Which accessory muscles of mastication act as depressors of the mandible?

What innervates them?

Back 24

1. Digastric (V3/VII)

2. Mylohyoid (V3)

V3 innervation for ant. belly of digastric.

VII for posterior belly

Front 25

What gland is innervated Parasympathetically by cranial nerve IX and what muscle does this gland's duct cross over?

Back 25

Parotid gland. The duct crosses over the masseter muscle and enters the mouth.

Front 26

Identify the veins.

Back 26

- Superficial temporal vein

- Maxillary vein

- Retromandibular vein

- External jugular vein

- Facial vein

Front 27

Which vein drains into the facial vein?

Back 27

Opthalmic

Front 28

Sensory Innervation of the Face

Back 28

Branches of the Trigeminal:

V1 Ophthalmic – supraobital supratrochlear, lacrimal

V2 Maxillary – Zygomatic this and that, and infraorbital

V3 Mandibular – auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental branch of the inferior alveolar

Front 29

What are the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa?

Back 29

- Inferior to the zygomatic arch

- Between the ramus of the mandible and the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoidbone

Front 30

Pterygomaxillary fissure leads from _________

into the __________, a space between the maxilla and the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone.

Back 30

Pterygomaxillary fissure leads from the infratemporal fossa into the pterygopalatinefossa, a space between the maxilla and the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone.

Front 31

What other parts of the skull does the pterygopalatine fossa connect with and through what fissures/foramena?

Back 31

- the orbit (through the infraorbital fissure)

- the nose (through the sphenopalatine foramen)

- the mouth (through the greater palatine canal and the greater and lesser palatine foramena) - the middle cranial fossa (through the foramen rotundum and the pterygoid canal)

Front 32

What are the contents of the infratemporal fossa?

Back 32

1. The medial and lateral pterygoid muscles.

2. The maxillary artery and some of its branches.

3. Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal (V3)

4. Chorda Tympani Branch of the Facial (VII)

5. The Otic Ganglion

Front 33

Which of the cranial nerves are sensory, which are motor and which are both?

Back 33

Some say marry money but matan berson says big brains matter more

S = sensory

M = motor

B = both

Front 34

Mnemonic to remember all the cranial nerves.

Back 34

Ooh, ooh, ooh to touch and feel avoluptuous girl's vagina. Soo hot!

Front 35

What are Trigeminal V3 motor branches innervating?

Back 35

Motor branches to muscles of mastication:

1. temporalis

2. masseter

3. the pterygoids

4. mylohyoid

5. the anterior belly of the digastric

+ accessory mastication muscles

+ tensor veil palatine

+ tensor tympani

Front 36

What are Trigeminal V3 sensory branches innervating?

Back 36

1. Auriculotemporal (External ear, auditory canal and tympanic membrane)

2. Buccal (skin over buccinator)

3. Inferior alveolar– enters the mandibular foramen, and exits the mental foramen as the mentalnerve. Gives off the inferior dental nerves: teeth in lower jaw, skin of lower lip and jaw

4. The lingual nerve– general sensory (pain, touch, pressure and temperature) to the mucosa of the floor of the mouth and to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

Front 37

What nerve enters the infratemporal fossa through the foramen ovale?

Back 37

Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal (V3)

Front 38

Which nerve leaves the skull through the squamotympanic/petrotympanic fissure and joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa?

Back 38

Chorda Tympani Branch of the Facial (VII)

Front 39

How are the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands innervated?

Back 39

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres of VII.

- synapse on postganglionic neurons in the submandibular ganglion located on the lingual nerve.

- They are secretomotor to the glands.

Front 40

What bones make up the orbital skeleton?

Back 40

Front 41

What parts of the skull is the orbit communicating with and through what structures?

Back 41

Communicating with the middle cranial fossa through the optic canal and superiororbital fissure Communicating with the pterygopalatine fossa through the inferior orbital fissure Communicating with the nose through the nasolacrimal canal.

Front 42

Proptosis

Back 42

If something is in the orbit and is pushing the eye forward

Front 43

Orbital Vs. Visual Axes

Back 43

The two axes are not congruent.

Muscles attach on teh axis of orbit

Front 44

The Ocular Bulb

Back 44

Aka the eyeball

= Cornea, sclera, optic nerve

Front 45

The Bulbar Fascia (Bulbar Sheath)

Back 45

- Forms a fascial socket for the eye, attaching to the sclera where the optic nerve entersthe bulb and extending forwards to attach anteriorly at the corneoscleral junction.

- Pierced by the eye muscles

- Creates a sling to support the eye – the suspensory ligament.

Front 46

What are the functions of these eye muscles?

Medial rectus

Lateral rectus

Superior rectus

Inferior rectus

Inferior oblique

Superior oblique

Back 46

Medial rectus – adduction

Lateral rectus – abduction

Superior rectus – elevation of the abducted eye

Inferior rectus – depression of the abducted eye

Inferior oblique – elevation of the adducted eye

Superior oblique – depression of the adducted eye

Front 47

Which muscles torque the eye when the head rotates?

Back 47

Inf. and Sup. Obliques

Front 48

Innervation of the Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye

Back 48

- LR(VI)

- SO(IV)

- All others by III

Front 49

What makes up the conjunctival sac?

Back 49

A sac made up of Palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva when the eye lids close.

Front 50

What innervates the Levator palpebrae superioris?

Back 50

Voluntary skeletal muscle innervated by somatic motor fibres carried in CN III

Smooth muscle innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibres from the carotid nerve plexus.

(Horner's syndrome = failure of sympathetic innervation)

Front 51

What is the Lacrimal Apparatus made up of?

Back 51

1. Lacrimal gland

2. Superior and inferior lacrimal puncta

3. Lacrimal canaliculi

4. Lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct

5. Lacis lacrimalis.

Front 52

Describe the blood supply to the eye

Back 52

Ophthalmic artery – from the internal carotid, then through the optic canal.

Gives offthe central artery of the retina, branches to the orbital tissues and the anterior andposterior ethmoidal arteries to the ethmoidal air cells and lateral nasal wall.

Front 53

How is blood drained from the eye?

Back 53

- Ophthalmic veins drain to the middle cranial fossa into the cavernous sinus, posterior to the orbit.
- Facial vein

Front 54

Identify everything but the red boxes.

Back 54

Front 55

Identify everything but the red boxes.

Back 55

Front 56

Identify all the sutures, as well as A + B

Back 56

A = bregma
B = lambda

Front 57

Identify #8

Back 57

Front 58

What does V2 split into after it goes through the Foramen rotundum?

Back 58

1. infraorbital – through the inferior orbital fissure, groove and infraorbital foramento the cheek, upper lip, and lower lid
2. Superior alveolar nerves – Through the lateral walls of the maxillary air sinus to the upper teeth and gingivae
3. Zygomatic through the inferior orbital fissure, across the orbital floor to the lateral cheek
4. Greater and lesser palatine nerves – through the greater palatine canals to the hard and soft palates.
5. Lateral Nasal Branches – through the sphenopalatine foramen to the lateral nasalmucosa
6. Nasopalatine nerve – through the sphenopalatine

Front 59

What does V1 split into after it goes through the Superior orbital fissure?

Back 59

1. Lacrimal nerve

2. Frontal - then splits to supraorbital and supratrochlear branches

3. Nasociliary - then splits to long ciliary, anterior and posterior ethmoidal and infra trochlear branches

Front 60

What could have caused the left eye position and pupil dilation?

Back 60

- occulomotor nerve (III) Palsy

- lesion to the occulomotor nerve

--> Eye is dilating (PSy innervates the constrictor pupil muscle occulomotor (III))

--> innervates Levator palpebrae superioris muscle + All Other muscles (aside from the two below).

- Lateral Rectus (LR6) is now unopposed

- Superior Oblique (SO4) is also unopposed

Front 61

How the Dillator Pupillae innervated sympathetically?

Back 61

- Postganglionic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion follow the internal carotidinto the skull.

- Some of these fibres join the nasociliary nerve and enter the eye through the long ciliary branch

- others form a sympathetic root to the ciliary ganglion and pass through it without synapsing to enter the eye with the short ciliary branches

Front 62

What nerves are to be found in the ciliary ganglion and nerves?

Back 62

1. Sympathetic fibers
2. Sensory fibers
3. PSy fibers synapse here

Front 63

Parasympathetic Innervation of the Lacrimal Gland

Back 63

Preganglionic fibers:

- Facial Nerve (VII) --> Greater Petrosal nerve --- Pterygopalatine canal --> Pterygopalatine fossa

- synapse at the Pterygopalatine ganglion

Postganglionic fibers:

- follow zygomatic branch (V2)

- leave in a communicating branch

- lacrimal branch (V1)

Front 64

Vestibule VS. Oral cavity proper

Back 64

Vestibule: space between lips and teeth/gums

Oral Cavity Proper: area surrounded by teeth and gums containing the tounge

Front 65

What makes up the Roof of the Mouth?

What is the sensory and blood supply?

Back 65

Hard Palate:
- palatal processes of maxillae
- horizontal plates of palatine

Soft Palate:
- palatal aponeurosis
- Tensor veli palatini (V3-Trigeminal)
- leVator veli palatini (X-Vagus)

Sensory:
- greater and lesser palatine branches
- nasopalatine branch (V2)

Blood:
- greater and lesser palatine branches (maxillary art.)

Front 66

Identify.

Back 66

All nerves are from V2

Front 67

Identify.

Back 67

Front 68

Muscles that Support the Floor of the Mouth

Back 68

Mylohyoid and geniohyoid

Front 69

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what innervates them?

What separates the left and right pairs of muscles in the tongue?

Back 69

Intrinsic – transverse, vertical and longitudinal fibres.

- shape the tongue (Innervated by XII)

Extrinsic – Position the tongue.

1. Genioglossus (XII)

2. Hyoglossus (XII)

3. Styloglossus (XII)

4. Palatoglossus (X)

Bilateral and separated by the fibrous septum of the tongue

Front 70

Sensory Innervation of the tongue

Back 70

Front 71

Blood supply and drainage of the tongue

Back 71

The lingual artery a branch of the external carotid

The lingual vein a tributary of the internal jugular.

The vessels lie medial to the hyoglossus, while the lingual and hypoglossal nerves are lateral to the hyoglossus

Front 72

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands

Back 72

1) Parotid

2) Submandibular

3) Sublingual

Front 73

What do the Palatine Tonsils lie in between?

What else lies in this space?

Back 73

In the fossa between the palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal folds.

Bed of the tonsil contains the glossopharyngeal nerve and the tonsillar branch of the facial artery.

Front 74

Where do the regional groups of lymphatic nodes drain into?

Back 74

The regional groups drain to the deep cervical group of nodes which lies alongthe internal jugular vein, deep to the sternomastoid muscle.

Front 75

Identify.

Back 75

Front 76

What makes up the nasal septum?

Back 76

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage

Front 77

What do the two meningeal layers of the dura create?

Back 77

falx cerebri

Front 78

Identify.

What is their function?

Back 78

Superior, middle and inferior conchae

- warm air

- filter air

Front 79

1. What is the space above the superior conchae?

2. What is the space between the conchae?

Back 79

Front 80

What are the openings into the sphenoethmoidal recess and the 3 meatus?

Back 80

- Sphenoethmoidal recess receives the sphenoidal air sinus

- Superior meatus receives ethmoid air sinuses

- Middle meatus receives ethmoidal air sinuses on the bulla, the maxillary and frontal air sinus into the hiatus semilunaris.

- Inferior meatus receives the nasolacrimal duct lying in the nasolacrimal canal

Front 81

1. What must the maxillary artery pass through in order to get into the pterygopalatine fossa?

2. What must the maxillary nerve pass through in order to get into the pterygopalatine fossa?

Back 81

The maxillary artery enters from the infratemporal fossa by passing through the pterygomaxillary fissure

The maxillary nerve enters from the middle cranial fossa by passing through the foramen rotundum

Front 82

What bones are the 3 conchae made of?

Back 82

Superior and middle: ethmoid

Inferior conchae is its own bone.

Front 83

What is the blood supply to the lateral wall of the nose?

Back 83

- From the lateral nasal branches of facial

- From the anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of opthalmic

- From the lateral nasal branches of the sphenopalatine artery;

Front 84

What is the blood supply to the nasal septum of the nose?

Back 84

- Septal branch of the sphenopalatine

- From the labial branches of the facial

- From the anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic

- From the greater palatine artery

- Kisselbach’s area

Front 85

What is the innervation to the lateral wall of the nose?

Back 85

- Olfactory nerves enter through the cribriform plate

- general sensory:

-- lateral nasal branches (V2)

-- anterior ethmoidal (nasociliary, V1)

Front 86

What is the innervation to the nasal septum of the nose?

Back 86

- nasopalatine branch (V2)

- anterior ethmoidal (nasociliary, V1)

Front 87

What artery enters the nose through the sphenopalatine foramen?

Back 87

sphenopalatine artery; a branch of the maxillaryartery given off in the pterygopalatine fossa.

- septal branch irrigates nasal septum

- lateral nasal branches irrigate lateral wall of nose

Front 88

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx

Back 88

Oropharynx, Nasopharynx, laryngopharynx.

Retropheryngeal space between the pharynx and vertebral column.

Front 89

Identify circled numbers.

What innervates muscle #5?

Back 89

The stylopharyngeus is innervated by IX: glossopharyngeal

Front 90

Identify.

What innervates the muscular wall of the pharynx?

Back 90

X: Vagus nerve.

Stylopharyngeus is innservated by IX.

Front 91

What is found in the laryngopharynx?

Back 91

1. Piriform fossae

2. The aryepiglottic folds

Front 92

What is the sensory innervation of the pharynx mucosa?

Back 92

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Some overlap with V2 in the nasopharynx Some overlap with the vagus in the laryngopharynx

Front 93

Identify.

Back 93

Front 94

Identify.

Back 94

Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

Front 95

Identify circled structures.

Back 95

7 = arytenoid cartilage

13 = muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

14 = vocal process of arytenoid cartilage

Front 96

1. What muscle abducts the vocal chords and open the rima glottidis?

2. What muscle tilts the thyroid cartilage to tighten the vocal chord?

Back 96

1. Posterior cricoarytenoid

2. Cricothyroid

Front 97

Identify.

Back 97

Front 98

Identify.

Back 98

Front 99

Identify.

What communicates with 6?

Back 99

The auditory tube communicates with the middle ear

Front 100

Identify.

Back 100

Front 101

Identify.

Back 101

Hypoglossal nerve is slightly more medial and posterior than the lingual nerve

Front 102

Identify.

Back 102

Front 103

What innervates each of these muscles?

Back 103

7 = V3

8 = V3

Strap muscles (3,4,9,12) = cervical spinal nerves

11 = Spinal accessory (XI)

Front 104

1. The intrinsic muscles of the pharynx (except for cricothyroid) are innervated by?

2. Describe the branching of this nerve

3. Cricothyroid is innervated by?

Back 104

1. the recurrent branches of the vagus nerves.

2. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve recurs around the right subclavian artery; the left recurs under the arch of the aorta. Ascend to the larynx in the groove between the trachea and esophagus.

3. external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Front 105

1. Sensation from the laryngeal lining above the vocal folds is carried by the

2. Sensation from below the level of the vocal folds is carried by

Back 105

1. internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (a branch of the vagus)

2. the recurrent laryngeal nerves.

Front 106

What is the blood supply and drainage to and from the pharynx and larynx?

Back 106

Arterial supply from branches of the superior and inferior thyroid arteries.

Venous drainage to the superior and middle thyroid veins, tributaries of the internal jugular veins. The inferior thyroid veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins.

Front 107

1. Names of glands in the external auditory meatus?

2. What fraction of the meatus is cartilagenous/bony?

Back 107

1. Ceruminous glands

2. 1/3 cartilagenous, 2/3 bony

Front 108

1. What are the two circled structures?

2. What innervates this membrane?

Back 108

1. Umbo (tip of the malleus) and cone of light of the tympanic membrane

2. external surface = V3, VII, X

internal surface = IX

Front 109

What innervates the auricle of elastic cartilage covered with skin?

Back 109

Mostly auricotemporal (V3), some C1, VII, X

Front 110

What is the tunnel the middle ear communicates with the mastoid air cells through?

What is the tube the middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx?

What does the middle ear communicate with the internal ear though?

Back 110

antrum (posterior to middle ear)

auditory (eustacian or pharyngotympanic) tube

oval and round windows

Front 111

What is the bony floor of the middle ear?

What separates the middle ear from the the middle cranial fossa?

Back 111

temporal bone (between jugular foramen and opening to carotid canal)

tegmen tympani

Front 112

Function of the ossicles?

Back 112

Convert vibration of tympanic membrane to mechanical oscillations, which stimulate the organ of Corti (Spiral organ) in the cochlear duct of the inner ear

Front 113

What are the articulation points between the malleus, incus and stapes?

What are the muscles that attach to them and reflexively dampen the oscillations?

Back 113

Malleus:

- handle: tympanic membrane (umbo)

- head: into epitympanic recess

> Tensor tympani muscle (V3)

Incus:

- articulates with malleus and incus heads

Stapes:

- base of stapes: oval window

> Stapedius muscle (VII)

Front 114

Describe the route the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve takes to innervate the parotid gland.

Back 114

- leaves jugular foramen

- gives off tympanic branch (PSy and Sensory)

- this branch enters glossopharyngeal canaliculus to middle ear

- forms tympanic plexus

- preganglionic PSy enter middle cranial fossa as lesser petrosal nerve

- petrosal nerve synapses at the otic ganglion on V3

- postganglionic PSy follow auriculotemporal branch of V3 to parotid gland

Front 115

What do the sensory fibres in the tympanic plexus innervate?

Back 115

- lining of the middle ear

- mastoid air sinuses

- auditory tube

- internal aspect of tympanic membrane

Front 116

Describe the route Facial (VII) nerve takes to innervate the lacrimal glands

Back 116

- facial nerve enters the internal auditory meatus

- through geniculate ganglion

- Greater petrosal nerve (preganglionic PSy)

- crosses middle cranial fossa

- pterygoid canal

- synapse at pterygopalatine ganglion

- zygomatic branch (V2)

- lacrimal branch (V1)

Front 117

Describe the route Facial (VII) nerve takes to innervate the sublingual and submandibular gland

Back 117

- facial nerve enters the internal auditory meatus
- goes through geniculate ganglion
- descends in facial canal (temporal bone) posterior to middle ear
- gives off chorda tympani n. (preganglionic PSy)
- chorda tympani passes between malleus and incus
- re-enter temporal bone via petrotympanic fissure
- joins lingual nerve
- synapse with post ganglionic PSy at submandibular ganglion
- postganglionic fibers innervate the glands

Front 118

Describe the route Facial (VII) nerve takes to innervate the muscles of facial expression

Back 118

- facial nerve enters the internal auditory meatus

- descends in facial canal (temporal bone) posterior to middle ear

- exit skull via stylomastoid foramen

Front 119

What cell bodies can be found in the geniculate ganglion?

Back 119

- taste sensory neurons of anterior 2/3 of tongue

- general sensory neurons that innervate external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane

Front 120

What is the function of the vestibular apparatus and cochlear duct?

What stimulates them?

What innervates them?

Back 120

- Cochlear duct: hearing

- Vestibular apparatus: balance and motion

- Stimulated by movement of endolymph

- Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Front 121

1. What are the parts of membranous labyrinth in the temporal bone and what is the labyrinth suspended in?

2. What does the labyrinth contain inside of it?

Back 121

1. - vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals

- suspended in perilymph

2. contains endolymph

Front 122

What innervates the platysma muscle?

What does the muscle lie on top of?

Back 122

- VII

- lies on the inve$ting layer of cervical fascia

Front 123

What surrounds the vertebral compartment of the neck?

What can be found inside this compartment?

Back 123

- prevertebral fascia

- vertebral arteries (transverse foramina)

- phrenic nerve lies on scalenus anterior

- cervical part of sympathetic chain (anterior to fascia)

- superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia

Front 124

Post ganglionic fibers can communicate to 3 locations from the sympathetic chain. What are they?

Back 124

1. Grey rami

2. Cardiac branches---> cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

3. Branches to the carotid plexus (from superior cervical ganglion only)

Front 125

What can be found in the carotid sheath?

Back 125

- common and internal carotid arteries

- internal jugular vein

- deep cervical lymph nodes

- vagus nerve

Front 126

What could be some symptoms of Horner's syndrome?

Back 126

Loss of sympathetic to one side can cause:
- lack of sweating

- pupils constrict (constrictor pupil (III) is unopposed)

- eye lid drops (LPS (III) unopposed)

Front 127

What can be found at the level of bifurcation of common carotid and what innervates ?

Back 127

Bifucation @ superior border of thyroid cartilage

- Carotid body: chemoreceptor

- Carotid Sinus: baroreceptor

Innervated by IX and X

Front 128

Name 5 branches off the ext. carotid artery

Back 128

- superior thyroid

- lingual

- facial

- maxillary

- superficial temporal a

Front 129

What can be found in the visceral compartment of the neck and what surrounds this compartment?

Back 129

- surrounded by the pretracheal fascia

1. Pharynx

2. Larynx

3. Thyroid

4. Parathyroid glands

5. Esophagus

6. Trachea

7. Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Front 130

Where do the branches of the vagus nerve go after the recurrent laryngeal branch off?

Back 130

They continue to the cardiac branches to the mediastinum

Front 131

Identify.

What artery is not present in this diagram that would be traveling up to irrigate the thyroid.

Back 131

A = pyramidal lobe
B = isthmus
C = lobes of thyroid
D = inferior thyroid branches from thyrocervical branch of the subclavian
E = superior thyroid artery of the external carotid

- Thyroidea ima from the brachiocephalic artery or from the aortic arch

Front 132

What drains the thyroid and parathyroid?

Back 132

- superior and middle thyroid veins which drain to the internal jugular veins

- inferior thyroid veins that drain to the brachiocephalic veins

Front 133

What muscles are in the investing layers?

Back 133

- Trapezius

- Sternocleidomastoid (elevate face/turn head to side)

- both innervated by XI

Front 134

Where are the fibers of the Spinal Accessory nerve (XI) coming from?

Back 134

Two roots: spinal and cranial root

- Cranial root is vagal fibres that join the spinal root to descend and innervate the SCM and Traps.

Front 135

Once synapsed in the pterygopalatine ganglion, where are 2 locations Facial (VII) post-ganglionic PSy fibres might head to?

Back 135

1. zygomatic nerve --> lacrimal nerve --> innervate lacrimal gland

2. follow the nasal and greater palatine branches of the maxillary nerve to innervate glands in the nasal and palatal mucosa.

Front 136

What are two ligaments found in the acromioclavicular joint?

What movement does the acriomioclavicular joint permit?

What muscles act upon this joint?

Back 136

- acromioclavicular lig.

- coracoclavicular lig.

Minimal gliding Joint: Completing full shoulder elevation requires movement from this joint

Front 137

Name the joint between the clavicle and sternum.

What movements are permitted here and what ligaments are found in this joint?

What muscles act upon this joint?

Back 137

- sternoclavicular joint

Biaxial joint:
- glides superior/inferior
- glides anterior/posterior

- anterior & posterior sternoclavicular lig.
- interclavicular lig.

Front 138

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #7

Back 138

Origin: ribs 1-9

Insertion: vertebral border of scapula

Innervation: long thoracic nerve (C5,C6,C7)

Action: abduction (protraction), upward rotation of scapula

Front 139

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #3

Back 139

Trapezius

Origin: Occiput, Spinous processes of C7-C12

Insertion: spine of scapula, acromion process, clavicle

Innervation: Spinal accessory (XI)

Action: Elevation (sup.), adduct/retraction (mid.), depression (inf.), upward rotation (sup. & inf. synergistically)

Front 140

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #14/15

Back 140

Rhomboids major (15) and minor (14):

Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T1 (minor) & T2-T5 (major)

Insertion: Vertebral border of scapula

Innervation: Dorsal Scapular N.

Action: Elevate, Adduct, Downward rotation scapula

Front 141

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #12

Back 141

Levator Scapula

Origin: Transverse processes C1-C3

Insertion: Vertebral border of scapula

Innervation: Dorsal Scapular N. (C5)

Action: Elevate scapula

Front 142

Intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments of the shoulder joint

Back 142

Intrinsic:
- Superior Glenohumeral lig.
- Middle Gelnohumeral lig.
- Inferior Glenohumeral lig.

Extrinsic:
- Coracoclavicular lig: limits abduction and flexion
- Coracoacromial lig. limits humerus from moving superiorly

Front 143

What movements are allowed in the shoulder joint and what are 3 features found with in this joint?

Back 143

Multiaxial Joint: Movement in all planes + circumduction

- Glenoid labrum: fibrocartilagenous ring to deepen socket (increasing joint congruency & support)

- Long head tendon of biceps passing through (intra-articular)

- Subdeltoid bursae

Front 144

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #9

Back 144

Origin: Ribs 3-5

Insertion: Coracoid process

Innervation: Medial pectoral N. (from medial cord)

Blood supply: Thoracoacromial A

Action: Abduction, Downward rotation of scapula

Front 145

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #6/7

Back 145

Origin: Ribs 1-6, clavicle, sternum

Insertion: lateral lip of intertubecular groove

Innervation: Medial lateral pectoral N. (from medial and lateral cord)

Blood supply: Thoracoacromial A

Action: Adduction, flexion, medial rotation of humerus

Front 146

Origin, insertion, innervation, action and blood supply of #7

Back 146

Latissimus Dorsi

Origin: Spinous process C7-L5, iliac crest, sacrum

Insertion: intertubecular groove

Innervation: Thoraco-Dorsal N (off the Posterior cord)

Action: Adduction, extension, medial rotation of humerus

Blood supply: Thoraco-Dorsal (off subscapular branch)

Front 147

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #3

Back 147

Origin: Supraspinous fossa

Insertion: Greater tuberosity of humerus

Innervation: Suprascapular N. (from upper trunk)

Action: abduction, Lateral rotation of humerus

Front 148

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #7

Back 148

Origin: Infraspinous fossa

Insertion: Greater tuberosity

Innervation: Suprascapular N. (from upper trunk)

Action: Lateral rotation

Front 149

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #8

Back 149

Origin: Inferior angle of scapula (#9)

Insertion: Medial lip of intertubercle groove

Innervation: Lower subscapular N. (from posterior cord)

Action: Adduction, Extension, Medial rotation

Front 150

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #16

Back 150

Origin: Lateral border of scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle

Innervation: Axillary N.

Action: Lateral rotation

Front 151

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #21

Back 151

Subscapularis Muscle

Origin: Subscapular fossa

Insertion: Lesser tuberosity

Innervation: Upper and Lower subscapular N. (off posterior cord)

Action: Medial rotation

Front 152

Origin, insertion, innervation, blood supply and action of #4/5

Back 152

Deltoids:

Origin: Clavicle, Spine of scapular

Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity

Innervation: Axillary N.

Blood supply: Thoracoacromial A

Action: Abduction

Front 153

What are the Axilla Region's borders?

Back 153

Medial wall: Ribs, serratus anterior

Lateral wall: intertubercular groove

Anterior wall: Pectoralis Mj. and Mn.

Posterior wall: Scapula and muscles (subscapularis, LD, Teres Mj.)

Front 154

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #8

Back 154

Biceps Brachii

Origin: Sup. Glenoid (long head) and Coracoid process (short head)

Insertion: Radial tuberosity

Innervation: Muscolocutaneous N.

Action: Supination of arm, flex shoulder joint, flex elbow joint

Front 155

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #9

Back 155

Brachialis

Origin: Humerus

Insertion: Ulnar tuberosity

Innervation: Muscolocutaneous N.

Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint

Front 156

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #27

Back 156

Coracobrachialis

Origin: Coracoid process

Insertion: Humerus

Innervation: Musculocutaneous N.

Action: Flex shoulder joint

Front 157

Origin, insertion, innervation and action of #18/19

Back 157

Triceps brachii:

Origin: Superior Glenoid (long head), humerus (lateral and medial heads)

Insertion: Olecranon process

Innervation: Radial N

Action: Extend elbow joint, some extension of shoulder joint

Front 158

Back 158

Front 159

Back 159

Front 160

Back 160

Front 161

Back 161

Front 162

What 5 joints make up the shoulder region?

Back 162

- Glenohumeral joint (true shoulder joint)

Additional joints which contribute to shouldermovement:

- Acromioclavicular (Minimally Gliding Joint)

- Coracoclavicular (Minimally Gliding Joint)

- Sternoclavicular (Biaxial Joint)

Pseudojoint:

- Scapulothoracic

Front 163

What is the true elbow joint?

What is the true wrist joint?

Back 163

- Ulnohumeral

- Radiocarpal joint

Front 164

Identify.

Back 164

Front 165

Identify.

Back 165

Front 166

Identify the structures on the humerus.

Back 166

Front 167

Identify the structures on the humerus.

Back 167

Front 168

What innervates the different colored portion?

Back 168

Orange: Radial

Blue: Median

Green: Ulnar

Front 169

What innervates the different colored portion?

Back 169

Orange: Radian

Blue: Median

Green: Ulnar

Front 170

The musculocutaneous nerve can be found sandwiched between which two muscles?

Back 170

Biceps brachii and Brachialis

Front 171

What does the Ulnar nerve innervate?

Back 171

- ½ FDP

- FCU

-hypothenar muscles

-thumb adductor & interossei

-medial1/2 of lumbricals

Front 172

What does the Median nerve innervate?

Back 172

-ANTERIOR forearm (except ½ FDP & FCU)

-thumb (thenar muscles)

-lateral 1/2 of lumbricals

Front 173

What do the Radial and Axillary nerve innervate?

Back 173

Radial: all POSTERIOR muscles of arm & forearm

Axillary: Teres Min. and Deltoid

Front 174

Starting with the brachiocephalic artery, describe the breakdown by landmarks of the main artery of the arm.

Back 174

Front 175

Describe the blood drainage of the arm.

Back 175

Front 176

Humero-ulnar joint allows for what movements?

Back 176

Uniaxial joint, hinge – permits flexion/extension

Front 177

Carrying Angle

Back 177

Long axis of a fully extended humerus makes an angle with ulna of approx 170 degrees.

- Angled away from hips, more for women then men. Created by obliquity of articulation between humerus & ulna.

Front 178

Medial Collateral Ligament:

Back 178

Connects ulna to humerus (also called ulnar collateral)

- Prevents excessive valgus forces

Front 179

Lateral Collateral Ligament:

Back 179

Connects radius to humerus (also called radial collateral) Prevents excessive varus forces

Front 180

Anular Ligament

Back 180

Anular Ligament: Connects on anterior & posterior aspect of ulna around radial neck & head Maintains radial head’s position and permits pivot

Front 181

What lies in the radial groove?

Back 181

- Radial nerve

- Deep brachial artery

Front 182

Cubital Fossa is bounded by?

Back 182

- Superior: Line joining medial & lateral epicondyles

- Medial: edge of pronator teres

- Lateral: edge of brachioradialis

Front 183

Cubital Fossa contains?

Back 183

- Biceps tendon

- Brachial artery

- Median nerve

- ‘TAN’ from lateral to medial

Front 184

What are the two joints between the ulna and the radius?

What type of movement is possible at these joints?

Back 184

Superior Radio-ulnar Joints:

- Radial head articulates with radial notch in ulna Joint between radius & ulna

Inferior Radio-ulnar Joints:

- Ulnar head articulates with ulnar notch in radius

Two joints combine to permit pronation &supination

Front 185

Identify all.

Back 185

Front 186

Identify the joints.

Back 186

Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP): between distal &middle phalanges

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP): between middle &proximal phalanges

Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCP): between metacarpals& phalanges

Carpometacarpal Joint (CMC): between distal carpal row& bases of metacarpals

Midcarpal Joint: joint between proximal & distal carpalrows

Radiocarpal Joint: between proximal carpal row & distalradius; no direct articulation between carpals and ulna(there a disc interposed between ulna and carpal bones)

Inferior Radio-ulnar Joint: between the distal ends ofradius and ulna

Front 187

What type of joint is the Carpometacarpal Joints?

- what type of movements are permitted here?

Back 187

- Planar Joints

- Gliding movements permitted

- Exception: 1st CMC which is a saddle joint

- Permits flexion,extension, adduction,abduction & opposition

Front 188

What types of joints are the Metacarpophalangeal Joints?

- What types of movements are possible here?

Back 188

- Condyloid Joints

- Biaxial Movements: flexion/extension,abduction/ adduction

- Exception is 1st MCP –only flexion/extension

Front 189

What type of joints are Interphalangeal Joints? What movements are possible in this joint?

Back 189

Interphalangeal Joints:

- Hinge Joints

- Uniaxial Movements:flexion/extension

Front 190

Name the thumb movements.

Back 190

Front 191

What separates the 2 compartments of forearm?

Back 191

Separated by two bones of forearm and the connecting interosseous membrane

Front 192

Anatomical Snuffbox

Back 192

Formed between the tendons of the EPL, APL & EPB

- Floor of snuffbox is scaphoid

- Crossing through this is branch of radial A

Front 193

Identify. What is its function?

Back 193

Extensor Expansion.

Complex network of fibrous/ligamentous bands which surrounds extensor tendons

- Comprised of two lateral bands, a median band and a ‘hood’

Aids in binding tendon down to phalanges:

- Provides attachment point for lumbrical, thus allowing synergistic extension from muscles technically on the flexor side

Front 194

Back 194

Front 195

Origin, Insertion, Action, Innervation of #10 and #11

Back 195

11 = Palmar lumbricals

- 3 muscles Attach from metacarpal to phalange

Adduction (PAD)

10 = Dorsal lumbricals

- 4 muscles Attach from metacarpal to phalange

- Abduction (DAB)

All innervated by Ulnar N.

Front 196

Origin, Insertion, Action, Innervation of #41

Back 196

Lumbricals muscles

Origin: Attaches from FDP tendon

Insertion: proximal phalanges of 4 fingers

Action: flexes MCPs and extends IPs

Innervation: Lateral 2 by Median, medial 2 by ulnar

Front 197

1. Tendons on the hand's flexor side are bound down by a series of sheaths called?

2. what are the sheaths that can be found bellow these ones?

Back 197

1. Fibrous digital sheaths:

- Annular ligaments – thick bands covering tendons

- Cruciate ligaments – thin criss-crossed bands close to the joint spaces

2. Synovial sheaths

Front 198

What forms the carpel tunnel and what can be found going through it?

Back 198

Floor and walls = carpals

Roof = flexor retinaculum

Contents:

- 4 FDS

- 4 FDP

- FCR

- FPL

- Median Nerve

Front 199

Function of #29?

Back 199

Palmar Aponeurosis

- Protects tendons

Front 200

1. Identify.

(A and F are on medial side of body)

2. What can be found between A and B?

Back 200

A= tendon of ECU

B= tendon of PL

C= tendon of ECR

D= Radial A

E= Thenar Eminence

F = Hypothenar Eminence

2. Ulnar A

Front 201

Origin, insertion, action and innervation of #9

Back 201

Adductor pollicis
Origin: 3rd metacarpal
Insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb
Action: adducts thumb at CMC joint
Innervation: Ulnar N.

Front 202

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #4

Back 202

4 = Flexor carpi radialis

Origin: Medial epicondyle

Insertion: 2nd metacarpal

Action: flex wrist, abduct hand

Innervation: median N.

Blood: Radial A.

Front 203

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #6

Back 203

6 = Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Origin: Medial epicondyle

Insertion: middle phalanges 2-5

Action: Flex proximal IP, flex MCP, flex wrist

Innervation: median N.

Blood: Ulnar A.

Front 204

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #3

Back 204

3 = Brachioradialis

Origin: Lateral epicondyle

Insertion: Radius

Action: Flex elbow of mid-pronated arm

Innervation: Radial N.

Blood supply: Radial A.

Front 205

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #17

Back 205

17 = Pronator teres

Origin: Medial epicondyle

Insertion: Radius

Action: Pronation

Innervation: Median N.

Blood Supply: Ulnar and Radial A.

Front 206

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #18

Back 206

18 = Palmaris longus

Origin: Medial epicondyle

Insertion: Palmar fascia

Action: Weak wrist flexion

Innervation: Median N.

Blood Supply: Ulnar A.

Front 207

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #21

Back 207

21 = Flexor carpi ulnaris

Origin: Medial epicondyle

Insertion: Hamate and Pisiform

Action: Wrist flexion and hand adduction

Innervation: Ulnar N.

Blood Supply: Ulnar A.

Front 208

Identify # 5, 7 and 20.

Back 208

5 = Radial A

7 = Median N (Anterior forearm except lateral 2 lumbricals, thenar, FCU and half of FDP)

20 = Ulnar A

Front 209

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #36

Back 209

36 = Flexor digitorum profundus

Origin: ulna

Insertion: distal phalanges 2-5

Action: Flex distal IP, weak wrist flexion

Innervation: Median N (lateral half), Ulnar N (medial half)

Blood Supply: Anterior Interosseous A.

Front 210

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #39

Identify # 8

Back 210

39 = Flexor pollicis longus

Origin: radius

Insertion: distal phalanx of thumb

Action: flex thumb (MCP, IP)

Innervation: Median N

Blood Supply: Anterior Interosseous A.

8 = Flexor retinaculum

Front 211

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #17

Back 211

17 = Pronator Quadratus

Origin: Ulna

Insertion: Radius

Action: Pronation

Innervation: Median N.

Blood Supply: Anterior Interosseous A.

Front 212

Action, innervation and blood supply of #6

Back 212

Abductor pollicis brevis

Action: abduct thumb

Innervation: Recurrent branch of Median N.

Blood Supply: Superficial palmar arch

Front 213

Action, innervation and blood supply of #7

Back 213

Flexor pollicis brevis

Action: flex thumb (MCP)

Innervation: Recurrent branch of Median N.

Blood Supply: Superficial palmar arch

Front 214

Action, innervation and blood supply of #8

Back 214

8 = Opponens pollicis

Action: Opposition of thumb

Innervation: Recurrent branch of Median N.

Blood Supply: Superficial palmar arch

Front 215

Action, innervation and blood supply of #21

Back 215

21 = Flexor digiti minimi

Action: flex little finger

Innervation: Ulnar N.

Blood Supply: Ulnar A.

Front 216

Action, innervation and blood supply of #20

Back 216

20 = Abductor digiti minimi

Action: abduct little finger

Innervation: Ulnar N.

Blood Supply: Ulnar A.

Front 217

Action, innervation and blood supply of #25

Identify #30

Back 217

25 = opponens digiti minimi

Action: opposition of little finger

Innervation: Ulnar N.

Blood Supply: Ulnar A.

30 = fibrous digital sheaths

Front 218

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #4

Back 218

4 = Extensor Digitorum Longus

Origin: Lateral epicondyle

Insertion: 4 fingers via extensor expansion

Action: finger and wrist expansion

Innervation: Radial N.

Bloody Supply: Posterior Interosseous A.

Front 219

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #17

Back 219

17 = Extensor carpi radialis longus

Origin:Lateral epicondyle

Insertion: 2nd metacarpel

Action: wrist abduction, wrist extension

Innervation: Radial N

Bloody Supply: Radial A.

Front 220

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #18

Back 220

18 = extensor carpi radialis brevis

Origin:Lateral epicondyle

Insertion: 3rd metacarpel

Action: wrist abduction, wrist extension

Innervation: Radial N

Bloody Supply: Radial A.

Front 221

Identify #7.

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #8

Back 221

7 = Extensor digitorum

8 = Extensor digiti minimi

Origin: Lateral epicondyle

Insertion: little finger via extensor expansion (#10 are the tendons)

Action: Extend little finger

Innervation: Radial N.

Bloody Supply: Posterior Interosseous A.

Front 222

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #7

Back 222

7 = Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Origin: Lateral epicondyle

Insertion: 5th metacarpal

Action: Adduct wrist, extend wrist

Innervation: Radial N.

Bloody Supply: Ulnar A.

Front 223

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #17

Back 223

17 = Extensor pollicis longus

Origin: ulna and radius

Insertion: distal phalanx of thumb

Action: extend thumb

Innervation: Radial N.

Bloody Supply: Posterior Interosseus A.

Front 224

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #18

Back 224

18 = Extensor pollicis brevis

Origin: radius

Insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb

Action: Extend thumb

Innervation: Radial N.

Bloody Supply: Posterior Interosseus A.

Front 225

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #16

Back 225

16 = abductor pollicis longus

Origin: ulna and radius

Insertion: 1st metacarpal

Action: Abduct thumb

Innervation: Radial N.

Bloody Supply: Posterior Interosseus A.

Front 226

Origin, insertion, action, innervation and blood supply of #19

Back 226

19 = extensor indicis

Origin: ulna

Insertion: index finger via extensor expansion

Action: extend index finger

Innervation: Radial N.

Bloody Supply: Posterior Interosseus A.

Front 227

Where do the inf. petrosal and sigmoid sinuses drain into?

Back 227

Internal jugular vein

Front 228

Name the 4 tonsils

Back 228

Front 229

1. Which ligament limits abduction and flexion of the humerus?

2. Which ligament limits the upward movement of the humerus in the glenohumeral joint?

Back 229

1. Coracoclavicular lig.

2. Coracoacromial lig.

Front 230

How are the ciliary muscles innervated?

Back 230

Occulomotor (CN III)

- pre-ganglionic parasympathetic synapse at the ciliary ganglion

- post-ganglionic travel to eye through short ciliary

Front 231

Identify 1,2,9,10

What innervates each of them?

Back 231

Suprahyoid muscles:

1 = Mylohyoid (V3)

2 = Anterior belly Digastric (V3)

9 = Stylohyoid (VII)

10 = Posterior belly of Digastric (VII)

Front 232

Superior and inferior tarsal plates

Back 232

Is where the LPS attaches to

Front 233

1. Identify #8

2. On what structure do the constrictors join in the back of the pharynx?

Back 233

1. pharyngobasilar fascia:

2. pharyngeal raphe

Front 234

cricopharyngeus

Back 234

Front 235

Tonsillar ring of Waldeyer

Back 235

Front 236

1. Sensory Innervation of the Pharynx

2. Muscles of the pharynx

Back 236

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Some overlap with V2 in the nasopharynx Some overlap with the vagus in the laryngopharynx

Vagus (X)

Front 237

Nerve coming out of palatine tonsil bed

Back 237

IX - comes out between the styloglossus (XII) and stylopharyngeous(IX), between superior constrictor and middle constricter.

Front 238

Thyroid laminae

Back 238

Front 239

What type of joint is the cricothyroid joint?

Back 239

synovial joint

Front 240

What is the anterior extension of ventricle?

What are the ventricles dividing?

Back 240

Saccule

Supraglottic and infraglottic compartments

Front 241

Name the muscles that:

1. abduct vocal chords

2. tighten vocal chords

Back 241

1. posterior crico-arytenoid

2. cricothyroid

Front 242

Suprahyoid muscles

Infrahyoid

Back 242

- mylohyoid (V3), stylohyoid (VII) Digastric (V3 – anterior belly, VII –posterior belly)

- sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid (innervated from branches of cervical spinalnerves, C1-C4)

Front 243

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve recurs aroundthe _____________; the left recurs under the arch of the ________.

Back 243

right subclavian artery, aorta

Front 244

The lingual nerve crosses inferior to the _________ duct to reach the tongue

Back 244

submandibular duct

Front 245

What can be found between the anterior and middle scalenus muscles?

Back 245

Brachial plexus

Front 246

special sensory to the carotid sinus and body comes from?

Back 246

CN IX and X

Front 247

fauces

Back 247

Anterior pillar (palatoglossal arch)

Posterior pillar (palatopharyngeal) arch.

Front 248

Identify the muscles.

Back 248

Front 249

Identify the muscles.

Back 249

Front 250

What is the highlighted muscle?

Back 250

Thyroepiglottic muscle

Front 251

What can be found in the triangular space?

Back 251

- Circumflex scapular artery (off subscapular artery)

Front 252

What can be found in the quadrangular space?

Back 252

Axillary Nerve + Posterior Circumflex humeral artery

Front 253

Palmar metacarpal arteries

Common digital arteries

Digital arteries proper

Back 253

Deep arch ---> Palmar metacarpal arteries

Superficial arch ---> Common digital arteries ---> Digital arteries proper

Front 254

Name the sutures

Back 254

1. Sphenoparietalsuture

2. Sphenosquamous suture

3. Occipitomastoid suture