Structure And Function Of Macromolecules

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all living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules

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carbohydrates

lipids

protein

nucleic acid

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are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms

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macromolecules

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polymers built from monomers

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macromolecules

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a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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polymer

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these small building-block molecules are called

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monomers

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three of the four classes of life's organic molecules are polymers

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carbohydrates

proteins

nucleic acids

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occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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dehydration

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disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis

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polymers

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reverse of dehydration reaction

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hydrolysis

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include sugars and the polymers of sugars (3c and more than 1OH)

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carbohydrates

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the simplest carbohydrates are

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monosaccharides

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single sugars

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monosaccharides

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polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

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polysaccharides

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have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O

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monosaccharides

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glucose

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C6H1206

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the most common monosaccharide

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glucose

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monosaccharides are classified by

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-location of the carbonyl group

-number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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examples of monosaccharides

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glucose(dextrose)

fructose

galactose

xylose

ribose

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formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

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disaccharide

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three common examples of disaccharides

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sucrose, lactose, and maltose

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polymers of sugars

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polysaccharides

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structure and function pf a polysaccharide are determined by its

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sugar monomers and position of glycosidic linkages

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a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

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starch

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simplest form of starch

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amylose

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a storage polysaccharide in animals

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glycogen

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another structural polysaccharide is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

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chitin

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provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

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chitin

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diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

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lipids

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one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers

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lipids

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having little or no affinity for water (water fearing)

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lipids

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consist mostly of hydrocarbons that is why the are hydrophobic

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lipids

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most biologically important lipids are

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fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

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fats

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a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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glycerol

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a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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glycerol

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consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

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fatty acid

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fats made from saturated fatty acids are called _____ and are solid at room temperature

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saturated fats

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have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

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saturated fatty acids

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fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called _____ and are liquid at room temperature

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unsaturated fats or oils

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plant fats and fish fats are usually ____

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unsaturated

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have one or more double bonds

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unsaturated fatty acids

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the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

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hydrogenation

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major function of fats is

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energy storage

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humans and other mammals store their fat in

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adipose cells

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are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

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steroids

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an important steroid, is a component in animal fell membranes

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cholesterol

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have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

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saturated fatty acids

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fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called ____, and are liquid at room temperature

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unsaturated fats or oils

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plant fats and fish fats are usually

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unsaturated

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one or more double bonds

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unsaturated fatty acids

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the process of concerting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

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hydrogenation

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major function of fats is

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energy storage

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are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

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steroids

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an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes

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cholesterol

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also known as cushions vital organs

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adipose tissue

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major component of the tough wall of plants

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cellulose