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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
apoptosis requires ___
|
ATP
|
|
2 apoptosis pathways
|
intrinsic
extrinsic |
|
intrinsic pathway uses ___
extrinsic pathway uses ___ (3) |
hormones/cytokines
FasL granzyme perforin |
|
nucleus becomes more ___ during apoptosis
|
basophilic
|
|
___ is a reversible nuclear change
___ (3) are irreversible ones |
chromatin clumping
pyknosis karyolysis karyorrhexis |
|
T/F: change in mitochondrial permeability is reversible
|
false
|
|
T/F: ribosomal detachment is reversible
|
true
|
|
red infarcts mean ___ has happened;
they are caused by ___ or in organs with ___, such as ___ (3) |
hemorrhage
reperfusion injury collateral circulation liver lungs intestine |
|
4 neutrophil chemotactic factors
|
C5a
IL-8 LTB4 Kallikrein |
|
exudate has specific gravity ___
transudate has specific gravity ___ |
>1.020
<1.012 |
|
4 stages of leukocyte extravasation
|
rolling
tight binding diapedesis migration |
|
in rolling stage of extravasation, ___ on leukocyte binds ___ (2) on endothelium
|
Sialyl Lewis X
E-selectin P-selectin |
|
in tight binding stage of extravasation, ___ on leukocyte binds ___ on endothelium
|
LFA-1
ICAM-1 |
|
in diapedesis stage of extravasation, ___ on leukocyte binds ___ on endothelium
|
PECAM-1
PECAM-1 |
|
amyloid has ___ structure
and ___ micro appearance |
beta pleated sheet
apple green birefringence with Congo red |
|
7 kinds of amyloidosis
|
1'
2' senile cardiac DM2 medullary thyroid ca Alzheimer's dialysis-associated |
|
amyloid in 1' amyloidosis is ___
it is composed of ___ it is caused by ___ |
AL
Ig light chain multiple myeloma |
|
amyloid in 2' amyloidosis is ___
it is composed of ___ it is caused by ___ |
AA
serum amyloid-associated protein chronic inflammation |
|
amyloid in senile cardiac amyloidosis is ___
it is composed of ___ it is caused by ___ |
ATTR (AF?)
transthyretin old age (cardiac ATTR is not mutant) |
|
amyloid in DM2 amyloidosis is ___
it is composed of ___ |
amylin
islet amyloid peptide |
|
amyloid in medullary thyroid ca is ___
it is composed of ___ |
A-CAL
calcitonin |
|
amyloid in AD amyloidosis is ___
it is composed of ___ it is caused by ___ |
Abeta
APP abnormal APP cleavage by secretase |
|
amyloid in dialysis-associated amyloidosis is ___
it is composed of ___ |
Abeta2m
beta2 microglobulin from MHC-I |
|
carcinoma in situ means neoplastic cells span ___ of epithelial thickness
but ___ |
all
do not penetrate basement membrane |
|
T/F: anaplasia is reversible
|
false
|
|
T/F: desmoplasia is reversible
|
false (fibrotic rxn to neoplasm)
|
|
T/F: dysplasia is reversible
|
true
|
|
T/F: hyperplasia is reversible
|
true
|
|
T/F: metaplasia is reversible
|
true
|
|
T/F: neoplasia is reversible
|
false
|
|
benign growth with >1 cell type
this occurs in ___ |
mature teratoma
women |
|
2 malignant growths with >1 cell type
|
immature teratoma
mature teratoma in men |
|
gastric adenoca is associated with ___ (3)
|
chronic atrophic gastritis
pernicious anemia postsurgical gastric remnants (?) |
|
3 tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis
|
astrocytoma
angiomyolipoma cardiac rhabdomyoma |
|
cancer associated with plummer-vinson syndrome
|
esophageal SCC
|
|
2 cancers associated with Paget's disease of bone
|
osteosarcoma
fibrosarcoma |
|
cancer associated with immunodeficiency
|
malignant Ly
|
|
2 cancers associated with AIDS
|
aggressive malignant Ly
Kaposi's |
|
cancer associated with autoimmunity
|
Ly
|
|
4 cancers associated with acanthosis nigricans
|
stomach
lung breast uterus |
|
cancer associated with dysplastic nevus
|
malignant melanoma
|
|
2 cancers associated with radiation exposure
|
sarcoma
papillary thyroid ca |
|
abl is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
oncogene
CML |
|
APC is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
tumor suppressor gene (5q)
FAP colon cancer |
|
bcl-2 is a ___
it is associated with ___ (2) |
oncogene
FLy undifferentiated Ly |
|
BRCA1 is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
tumor suppressor gene (17q)
breast + ovarian ca |
|
BRCA2 is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
tumor suppressor gene (13q)
breast |
|
c-myc is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
oncogene
Burkitt's Ly |
|
c-kit is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
oncogene
GIST |
|
DPC is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
tumor suppressor gene (18q)
pancreatic ca |
|
DCC is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
tumor suppressor gene (18q)
CRC (Deleted in Colon Cancer) |
|
erb-b2 is a ___
it is associated with ___ (3) |
oncogene
breast ca ovarian ca gastric ca |
|
L-myc is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
oncogene
lung tumors |
|
N-myc is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
oncogene
neuroblastoma |
|
NF1 is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
tumor suppressor gene (17q)
NF1 |
|
NF2 is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
tumor suppressor gene (22q)
NF2 |
|
p16 is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
tumor suppressor gene (9p)
melanoma |
|
p53 is a ___
it is associated with ___ (2) |
tumor suppressor gene (17p)
Li-Fraumeni syndrome any cancer |
|
ret is a ___
it is associated with ___ (2) |
oncogene
MEN IIa MEN IIb |
|
Rb is a ___
it is associated with ___ (2) |
tumor suppressor gene (13q)
retinoblastoma osteosarcoma |
|
ras is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
oncogene
CRC |
|
WT1 is a ___
it is associated with ___ |
tumor suppressor gene (11p)
Wilms' tumor |
|
CEA is produced by ___ (4)
|
CRC
pancreatic ca gastric ca breast ca |
|
AFP is produced by ___ (3)
|
HCC
embryonal ca yolk sac tumor |
|
bhCG is produced by ___ (3)
|
Hydatidiform mole
Chorioca Gestational trophoblastic tumor |
|
CA-125 is produced by ___
|
ovarian ca
|
|
ALP is produced by ___ (3)
|
bone mets
obstructive biliary disease Paget's disease of bone |
|
bombesin is produced by ___ (3)
|
neuroblastoma
lung ca gastric ca |
|
TRAP is prodcued by ___
|
hairy cell leukemia
|
|
CA19-9 is produced by ___
|
pancreatic ca
|
|
aflatoxin from ___ causes ___
|
aspergillus
HCC |
|
vinyl chloride causes ___
|
liver angiosarcoma
|
|
CCl_4 causes ___ (2)
|
liver centrilobular necrosis
liver fatty change |
|
4 cancers caused by smoking
|
laryngeal (SCC)
lung RCC bladder (transitional cell ca) |
|
2 cancers caused by As
|
skin SCC
liver angiosarcoma |
|
cancer caused by aniline dyes (naphthalene)
|
transitional cell ca
|
|
cancer caused by alkylating agents
|
leukemia
|
|
paraneoplastic ACTH is caused by ___
|
SCLC
|
|
paraneoplastic ADH is caused by ___ (2)
|
SCLC
intracranial tumors |
|
hypercalcemia of malignancy is caused by ___ (3 cancers) via ___ (4 molecules)
|
SCLC
RCC breast ca PTHrP TGFb TNF IL-1 |
|
paraneoplastic EPO is caused by ___ (2)
|
RCC
hemangioblastoma |
|
Lambert-Eaton syndrome is caused by ___ (2)
|
thymoma
SCLC |
|
4 tumors with psammoma bodies
|
Papillary thyroid ca
Serous papillary cystadenoca of ovary Meningioma Malignant mesothelioma |
|
3 conditions with reduced ESR
|
sickle cell
polycythemia CHF |
|
5 cancers that met to brain
|
Lung
Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI (Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia) |
|
mets to brain are usually located ___ly
they are well/poorly circumscribed |
at grey-white border
well |
|
5 cancers that met to liver IDOOF
|
Colon
Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung (Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver) |
|
2 most common destinations for mets
|
liver
lung |
|
5 cancers that met to bone
2 most common |
Breast
Lung Testis Kidney Prostate (BLT with Kosher Pickle) breast prostate |
|
prostate mets are ___
|
blastic
|
|
lung mets are ___
|
lytic
|
|
breast mets are ___
|
lytic or blastic
|
|
cancer is ___th leading cause of death in US
|
2nd (after heart disease)
|
|
top 3 most common cancers for males IDOOF
|
prostate (32%)
lung (16%) CRC (12%) |
|
top 3 most common cancers for females IDOOF
|
breast (32%)
lung (13%) CRC (13%) |
|
2 cancers with highest mortality for males
|
lung (33%)
prostate (13%) |
|
2 cancers with highest mortality for females
|
lung (23%)
breast (18%) |