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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Variance
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SS/(N-1)
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Standard Deviation
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square root of SS/(N-1)
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Standard Error of the Mean
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standard deviation of the population/square root of N
it is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean |
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Power
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1-beta
where beta is the type II error (the odds of retaining the null hypothesis when it is really false; or the odds of saying there is no result/difference when there really is one) |
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single-sample chi-square
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1 variable, nominal data
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multiple-sample chi-square
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2 or more variables, nominal data
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Mann-Whitney U test
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2 independent groups, ordinal data
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Wilcoxon matched-pairs test
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2 correlated groups, ordinal data
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Kruskal-Wallis test
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2 or more independent groups, ordinal data
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t-test for single sample
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sample vs. population for interval/ratio data
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t-test for correlated samples
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2 correlated groups, interval/ratio data
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t-test for independent samples
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2 indepedent groups, interval/ratio data
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one-way ANOVA
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1 IV, 2 or more independent groups, interval/ratio data
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factorial ANOVA
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2 or more IVs, interval/ratio data
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repeated measures ANOVA
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2 or more correlated groups, interval/ratio data
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Variance
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SS/(N-1)
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Standard Deviation
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square root of SS/(N-1)
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Standard Error of the Mean
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standard deviation of the population/square root of N
it is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean |
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Power
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1-beta
where beta is the type II error (the odds of retaining the null hypothesis when it is really false; or the odds of saying there is no result/difference when there really is one) |
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single-sample chi-square
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1 variable, nominal data
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multiple-sample chi-square
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2 or more variables, nominal data
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Mann-Whitney U test
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2 independent groups, ordinal data
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Wilcoxon matched-pairs test
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2 correlated groups, ordinal data
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Kruskal-Wallis test
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2 or more independent groups, ordinal data
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t-test for single sample
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sample vs. population for interval/ratio data
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t-test for correlated samples
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2 correlated groups, interval/ratio data
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t-test for independent samples
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2 indepedent groups, interval/ratio data
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one-way ANOVA
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1 IV, 2 or more independent groups, interval/ratio data
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factorial ANOVA
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2 or more IVs, interval/ratio data
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repeated measures ANOVA
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2 or more correlated groups, interval/ratio data
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mixed ANOVA
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independent and correlated groups, interval/ratio data
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ANCOVA
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removes extraneous variables, interval/ratio data
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randomized block ANOVA
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extraneous variables, interval/ratio data
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trend analysis
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quantitative IV, interval/ratio data
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MANOVA
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2 or more dependent variables, interval/ratio data
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SST (sum of squares total)
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SST = SSB + SSW
sum of squares between plus sum of squares within |
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MST (mean squares total)
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MST = SST/df
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F
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F=MSB/MSW
F=(treatment+error)/error |
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Pearson Product Moment (r)
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variable 1 = interval or ratio
variable 2 = interval or ratio |
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Spearman Rank-Order (rho)
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variable 1 = rank-ordered
variable 2 = rank-ordered |
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Phi
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variable 1 = true dichotomy
variable 2 = true dichotomy |
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Tetrachoric
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variable 1 = artificial dichotomoy
variable 2 = artificial dichotomy |
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Contingency
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variable 1 = nominal
variable 2 = nominal |
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Point Biserial
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variable 1 = true dichotomoy
variable 2 = interval or ratio |
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Biserial
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variable 1 = artificial dichotomy
variable 2 = interval or ratio |
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Eta
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Used to assess non-linear relationships
variable 1 = interval or ratio variable 2 = interval or ratio |
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LISREL
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linear structural relations analysis
used when a causal model involves recursive (one-way) and non-recursive (two-way) paths examines the relationship between observed variables and takes into account latent traits the variables are believed to measure and the effects of measurement error |
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Path analysis
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translating a theory about the causal relationships into a path diagram
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p (item difficulty)
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total number of examinees passing the exam/total number of examinees
p=0.5 optimal unless true false test...then p=0.75 optimal |
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Item Characteristic Curve (ICC)
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constructed for each item
information on the relationship between an examinee's level on the ability or trait and the probablity that they will respond to the item correctly |
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Item Response Theory (IRT)
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the latent trait model
test scores are reported in terms of an examinee's level on the trait being measured rather than in terms of a total test score makes it possible to equate scores from different sets of items and from different tests |
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Spearman-Brown prophecy formula
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provides an estimate of what the reliability coefficient would have been had it been based on the full length of the test (or used to say what it would be if the tests were lengthened or shortened)
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Cronbach's coefficient alpha
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average reliability that would be obtained from all possible splits of the test
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Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20)
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coefficient alpha (split half measure of internal consistency and reliability) used when items are scored dichotomously
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kappa statistic
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or coefficient concordance
inter-rater reliability |
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Standard Error of the Measurement
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=standard deviation of the test scores multiplied by the square root of 1 - the reliability coefficient
used to calculate the confidence interval |
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multitrait-multimethod matrix
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to test convergent and discriminant validity
correlations with different methods of the same trait and the same methods of different traits methods for assessing construct validity |
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orthogonal
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factors are uncorrelated
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oblique
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factors are correlated
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base rate
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(true positive + false negatives)/total number of people
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positive hit rate
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true positive/total positive
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validity and reliability relationships
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validity is less than or equal to the reliability
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z
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=(score-mean)/SD
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