Statistics Chapter One

Front 1

Data

Back 1

Consist of information coming from observations, counts, measurements, or responses.

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Statistics

Back 2

Is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make decisions

Front 3

Population

Back 3

Is the collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts that are of Interest

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Sample

Back 4

Is a subset, or part, of a population

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A parameter

Back 5

Is a numerical description of a population characteristic

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A statistic

Back 6

Is a numerical description of a sample characteristic

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Descriptive statistics

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Is the branch of Statistics that involves the organization, summarization, and display of data

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Inferential statistics

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Is the branch of Statistics that involves using a sample to draw conclusions about a population

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The study of Statistics has two major:

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Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

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Qualitative data

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Consists of attributes, labels, or non amiracle entries

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Quantitative data

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Consists of numbers that are measurements or counts

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Data sets can consist of two types of data:

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Qualitative data and quantitative data

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The four levels of measurement, in order from lowest to highest, are:

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Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

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Data at the nominal level of measurement

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Are qualitative only

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Data at the ordinal level of measurement

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Are qualitative or quantitative

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Data at the interval level of measurement

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Can be ordered, and meaningful differences between data entries can be calculated

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Data at the ratio level of measurement

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Are similar to data at the interval level, with the added property but a zero-entry is an inherent zero

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In an observational study

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A researcher does not influence the responses

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In an experiment

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A researcher deliberately applies a treatment before observing responses

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A simulation

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Is the use of a mathematical or physical model to reproduce the conditions of a situation or process

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A survey

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Is an investigation of one or more characteristics of a population

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A confounding variable

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Occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the difference between the effects of different factors on the variable

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Blinding

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Is a technique where the subjects do not know whether they are receiving a treatment or a placebo

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In a double blind experiment

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Neither the experimenter nor the subjects know whether to subjects are receiving a treatment or placebo

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Randomization

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Is a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups

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In a Completely randomized design

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Subjects are assigned to different treatment groups through random selection

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Blocks

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Are groups of subjects with similar characteristics

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Replication

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Is the repetition of an experiment under the same or similar conditions

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Census

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Is a count or measure of an entire population

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Sampling

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Is a count or measure of part of a population and is more commonly used in statistical studies

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Sampling error

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Is the difference between the results of a sample and those of the population

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A random sample

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Is one in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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A simple random sample

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Is a sample in which every possible sample of the same size has the same chance of being selected

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Matched pairs design

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Where subjects are paired up according to similarity

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Stratified sample

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When it is important for the sample to have members from each segment of the population

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Cluster sample

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When the population falls into not truly occurring subgroups each having similar characteristics

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Systematic sample

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Is a sample in which each member of population is assigned a number

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Convenience sample

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Consists only of members of the population that are easy to get to