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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the sum of the deviations from the mean always equal?
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0
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What percentage of cases are between one standard deviation above and below the mean?
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68%
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What percentage of cases are between two standard deviations above and below the mean?
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95%
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What percentage of cases are between three standard deviations above and below the mean?
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99%
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Type 1 Error
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the rejection of the null when, in fact, it is true (probability is equal to the level of significance)
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Type 2 Error
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failure to reject the null when it's false
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What is the difference in sigma known vs. sigma unknown?
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when unknown, the standard error of mean is estimated and t is used. wen known, the standard error is calculated in a direct fashion and z is used
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Alternative/ Research Hypothesis
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hypothesis that stands in opposition to the null
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Directional Hypothesis
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Asserts there will be a change in a particular direction (increase or decrease)
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Nondirectional Hypothesis
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Does not specify direction; simply asserts a difference will be present
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When is a two-tailed test scenario appropriate?
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when the research hypothesis is nondirectional
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When is a one-tailed test scenario appropriate?
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when the research hypothesis is directional
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Power of a Test
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the ability to reject a false null hypothesis
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Effect
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the change in measurement that is attributable to a treatment condition or stimulus of some sort
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ANOVA is appropriate in which situations?
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situations involving 3 or more samples and a variable measured at the interval/ratio level of measurement
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What does ANOVA measure?
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whether there is more variation between groups than within it
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What is the F ratio?
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the ratio of the variation between the samples to the variations within the samples
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What two types of means come into play with ANOVA?
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Grand mean and individual sample means
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MSb and MSw?
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mean square between (between group variance) and mean square within (within group variance)
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How do you determine df for MSb?
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k-1
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How many df are associated with MSw?
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n- k
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F ratio calculation
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MSb/ MSw
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What is the chi square test of independence?
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tests whether or not there is an association between two variables
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Contingency table
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table that presents data in terms of all combinations of two or more variables
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Observed frequencies
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results that appear in each cell of a contingency table
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What are expected frequencies and how do you calculate them?
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Frequencies expected by chance; row total X column total/ n
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Pearson's r
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measure of the strength and direction of association between two variables
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range of Pearson's r
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-1.0 to +1.0
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How do you determine the df for Peraron's r?
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n-2
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What is the line of best fit/ regression line/ least squares line?
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the line that passes through the points in a scatter plot in such a way that it provides the best representation of association
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