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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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STATISTICS P.2
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1. SCIENCE OF COLLECTING AND ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING DATA
2. DATA THAT SUMMARIZE SOMETHING |
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POPULATION P.3
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WHAT IS THE COMPLETE SET OF PEOPLE OR THINGS BEING STUDIED
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POPULATION PARAMETERS P3
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THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION
EX. ALL PEOPLE OVER SIX FT TALL |
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SAMPLE P3
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A SMALL CROSS SECTION OF THE PEOPLE OR THINGS THAT FIT THE PARAMETER
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RAW DATA P4
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ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS OR OBSERVATIONS OF THE SAMPLE
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SAMPLE STATISTICS P4
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE FOUND BY CONSOLIDATING THE RAW DATA
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MARGIN OF ERROR P5
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THE ERROR IS THE AMOUNT OF PEOPLE OR THINGS THAT WOULD HAPPEN BY ACCIDENT
+ OR - A % |
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BASIC STEPS IN A STAT STUDY P7
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1. STATE THE GOAL PRECISELY-DETERMINE THE POP
2. DRAW FROM THE POPULATION A 3. SAMPLE-WITH RAW DATA AND SUMMARIZE, THEN 4. SAMPLE STATISTICS- FROM THE POP PARAMETERS, AND FINALLY 5. DRAW CONCLUSIONS |
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PURPOSE OF STAT P8
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TO MAKE EDUCATED DECISIONS
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SALK STUDY-POLIO P9
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EXP GROUP-2ND GRADERS IN US
CONTROL-1ST AND 3RD GRADERS |
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CENSUS P11
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A COLLECTION OF EVERY MEMBER OF A POPULATION
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REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE P12
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CONTAINS AS MANY SIMILARITIES AS POSSIBLE
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RANDOM SAMPLE P12
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KEEPS THE HUMAN ELEMENT OUT OF THE CHOICE OF MEMBERS
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BIAS P12
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BIAS TENDS TO FAVOR CERTAIN RESULTS
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SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE P13
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EVERY THING HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING CHOSEN
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SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING P14
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TEST EVERY 50TH OR SO TO REMAIN RANDOM
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CONVENIENCE SAMPLE P15
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CHOOSE A GROUP EG. THE STAT CLASS AND ASK A QUESTION (LEFT HANDED)
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CLUSTER SAMPLE P15
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ALL MEMBERS OF A RANDOMLY SELECTED GROUP IS A CLUSTER
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CATEGORICAL N
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YES OR NO
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QUANTITATIVE
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HAS TO DO WITH A #
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QUALITATIVE
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HAS TO DO WITH A SPECIFIC #
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INTERVAL N
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THE RANGE INCLUDING THE MARGIN OF ERROR
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¯a=mean number=25 N
a=age |
same as front
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STRATIFIED SAMPLE P16
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SAMPLES FROM EACH STRATUM
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STRATA
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SAMPLE FROM A LARGER GROUP, BROKEN INTO SUB GROUPS ARE STRATA
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SUBJECTS OF A STUDY P21
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SUBJECTS ARE ANYTHING BUT PEOPLE...
PEOPLE ARE PARTICIPANTS |
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TYPES OF STUDIES N
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OBSERVATIONAL VS. EXPERIMENTAL
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CONFOUNDING N
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NEGLECTING AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE THAT MAKES THE STUDY WORTHLESS
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PLACEBO EFFECT N
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GIVE PEOPLE A PILL THAT ISN'T MEDICATION AND IT STILL HELPS
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EXPERIMENTER EFFECT N
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HAVING THE EXPERIMENTER TX TWO GROUPS DIFFERENTLY
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SINGLE-BLIND EXP P27
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PARTICIPANTS DON'T KNOW WHO HAS THE DRUG BUT THE EXPERIMENTER DOES
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DOUBLE-BLIND EXP P27
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NEITHER THE PARTICIPANT OR EXPERIMENTER KNOW WHO HAS THE DRUG
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META-ANALYSIS P30
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COMPILING A # OF STUDIES TO COMPARE OUTCOMES
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variable p39
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something that can take different values
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VARIABLES OF INTEREST P39
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VARIABLES THAT WOULD EFFECT A STUDY
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QUANTITATIVE VALUES P48
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DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
ONLY WHOLE #'S ANY #, INC. FRAC |
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LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL QUALITATIVE ORDINAL(INTERVAL MEANS SOMETHING) |
QUALITATIVE-
NO ORDER NATURAL ORDER |
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MEASUREMENT N
INTERVAL QUANTITATIVE RATIO (ABSOLUTE STARTING PT. |
INTERVAL-DIF HAVE MEANING, BUT RATIOS DON'T
RATIO-RATIO HAS MEANING..CAN BE WRITTEN AS A FRACTION |
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EXPERIMENTATION-DATA ETHICS FOR HUMANS
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1. INFORMED CONSENT
2. CONFIDENTIALITY (VS. ANONYMITY) 3. INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (PROFESSIONAL COMM THAT GUARDS ETHICS) |
